what are the two types of epidemiology?
- descriptive: examines disease distribution in a population and determines most relevant characteristics for this distribution
- analytical: tests hypotheses about disease etiology by investigating the association between risk factors and disease
what research designs does descriptive epidemiology use?
- case reports
- case series
- descriptive epidemiology
what research designs does analytical epidemiology use?
- RCT
- cohort study
- case-control study
- case crossover study
- cross-sectional study
- before-after study
- ecological study
what are the three methods of measuring oral disease ?
- counts: the number of disease occurrences
- proportions: adds a denominator (prevalence) and has no time dimension
- rates: proportion that uses time dimensions and standardized denominators (not frequently used)
what are the 6 properties of an ideal index caries index?
- validity: must measure what its intended to measure
- reliability: measure consistently at different times and conditions
- clarity, simplicity and objectivity: mutually exclusive categories
- quantifiability: amenable to statistical analysis
- sensitivity: should be able to detect clinically relevant and small changes of condition
- acceptability: not painful for the patient
what are the limitations to DMFT?
- values not related to thee number of teeth at risk
- gives equal weight to missing, untreated decayed or well restored teeth
- not valid for teeth that have been lost for reasons other than caries
- overestimates caries in teeth with preventative restorations
- measures treatment received rather than caries attacked
- not recommended for measuring root caries
from the AAPD, early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as ?
- presence of one or more decayed, missing or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger
Severe-ECC must have the presence of at least one of the following
- any sign of smooth surface caries in a child <3 years old
- Any SS of any anterior or posterior deciduous tooth that is decayed, missing (due to caries), or filled in children between 3 and 5 years old
- The deft index equal to or greater than 4 at the age of 3 years, 5 at the age of 4 years, and 6 at the age of 5 years
what is the mortality rate for ECC?
0.027/100,000
* infection kills 3 per year
* sedation kills 6 per year
what are the rankings for untreated caries in permanent teeth and untreated caries of deciduous teeth according to the global burden of oral conditions?
1 and 10
what is NHANES?
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States
(interviews and physical examinations)
NHANES is a major program of ? and is responsible for?
- the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) which is part of the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) - has the responsibility for producing vital and health statistics for the Nation.
which children aged 2-5 had the largest decline of untreated tooth decay from 1999 to 2004?
mexican americans and low income children
which adults were twice as likely to have untreated tooth decay?
- non-hispanic black
- low income
- less than a highschool education
- currently smoking cigarettes
untreated tooth decay is higher in people who?
smoke cigarettes (40% of those that currently smoke have decay)
which OLDER adults were more than twice as likely to have untreated tooth decay?
- mexican american
- non-hispanic black
- low income
- had less than a highscool education
- currently smoking (twice as likely)
The prevalence of caries experience and untreated decay among children in Pennsylvania is
higher than the national average for children in the same age group, with rates of 51.9% and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the national averages of 43% and 13%.
