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614 - Exam 1 > Cariology & Prevention pt. 2 > Flashcards

Cariology & Prevention pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define dental caries

A

A chronic, infectious, transmissible disease that has a multifactorial etiology

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2
Q

What are the primary etiological factors of caries?

A

Micro-organisms
Host
Time
Substrate (Food)

Microbes
Have
To
Sit

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3
Q

What are the factors within micro-organisms in caries?

A
  • Microbial land
  • Plaque composition
  • Plaque acidogenicity
  • Oral hygiene
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4
Q

What are the factors within the host in caries?

A
  • Tooth
  • Saliva
  • Immune response
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5
Q

What are the factors within time in caries?

A
  • Shift in microflora = fast
  • Demineralization = slow
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6
Q

What are the factors within substrate (food)?

A
  • Oral clearance
  • Oral hygiene
  • Eating frequency
  • Cariogenicity
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7
Q

Dental caries is caused by what?

A

Infectious transmissible agent (S. mutans) and many non-mutans microorganisms

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8
Q

Can caries be passed from mother to infant? What’s the “window of infectivity”?

A

Yes via saliva by 2 years old

The presence of microorganisms in the mouth

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9
Q

Range for the “window of infectivity”

A

Ranges from 19-30 months, but as early as 6 months

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10
Q

What lives inside the mouth?

A

Bacteria, virus, and fungi

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11
Q

What bacteria is most commonly acquired from the child’s mother?

A

Cariogenic streptococcal strains and gram negative

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12
Q

Once teeth erupt, ___ can be detected

A

Mutans Streptococci

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13
Q

What are the phases of vertical transmission of caries?

A

Mother, father, and other caregiver –> Mutans streptococci (MS) –> primary teeth –> permanent teeth

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14
Q

What are the 2 ways you can get horizontal transmission of caries?

A

Intimate playmates –> Mutans Streptococci (MS) –> primary teeth

Spouse or partner –> Mutans Streptococci (MS) –> permanent teeth

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15
Q

The window for infectivity of Mutans Streptococci (MS) Colonization ranges from ___ months but has been found as early as ___ months

A

19-30
6

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16
Q

Growth and metabolism of oral bacteria is regulated by:

A

Saliva (pH, temp, nutrition)
Diet (carbohydrate-rich diet)

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17
Q

When is dynamic balance established?

A

When plaque composition is stable over time despite regular environmental changes

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18
Q

___ results from a community that has reached microbial homeostasis

A

Healthy plaque

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19
Q

What results in disease/dental plaque?

A

Disruption/dysfunction of microbial homeostasis

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20
Q

At ___ month, there’s microbial homeostasis

A

1

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21
Q

2 healthy plaque benefits

A
  • Prevent colonization and infection by producing acids
  • Suppress over growth of pathogens (fungi)
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22
Q

What is the most current hypothesis of the etiology of caries?

A

Extended Caries Ecological Hypothesis

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23
Q

Specific plaque hypothesis

A

Only a few species are involved in the disease

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24
Q

Non-specific plaque hypothesis

A

Disease is the outcome of the overall activity of the total plaque microflora
- Everything causes disease

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25
Q

Ecological plaque hypothesis

A

Disease is caused by a shift in balance of resident microflora due to environmental conditions
- Ex: pH shift

26
Q

Extended ecological plaque hypothesis

A

Given the right environment, even these good bacteria can cause demineralization and destruction of teeth

27
Q

Describe dental biofilm

A
  • Cream-colored mass collect on teeth and edge of gums
  • Community of microorganisms adhere to each other and attach to a surface
  • Non-shedding teeth allow more time for development of layers of bacteria
28
Q

If dental plaque is left undisturbed, biofilm rapidly builds up to sufficient depth to produce an ___ environment

A

Anaerobic

29
Q

Do teeth or gums allow more bacteria to grow?

A

Teeth b/c they’re non-shedding

30
Q

What are the 5 stages of development in dental plaque? How soon do these stages appear?

A

Pellicle formation (min)
Attachment of a single bacteria (0-24 hr)
Growth of microcolonies (4-24 hr)
Succession (diversity) (1-7 days)
Climax community (mature biofilm) (1 week+)

31
Q

Describe Pellicle

A

Acellular proteinaceous film that forms on tooth surface within minutes of eruption or cleaning
- Instantly acquired from saliva
- 1st stage in dental plauqe development

32
Q

What does pellicle consist of?

A
  • Salivary glycoproteins
  • Phosphoproteins
  • Lipids
  • Components of gingival crevicular fluid
  • Dead bacteria

NO LIVING BACTERIA

33
Q

Pellicle has ___ permeability that restricts transport of ions in and out of dental hard tissue

A

Selective

34
Q

Pellicle is protective as it ___ diffusion of acids, chelating agents, calcium, and phosphate ions

A

Slows
+ve

35
Q

Pellicle enables ___ of ___ in the early stages of biofilm formation

A

Attachment and colonization of microbial species
-ve

It’s the rug where bacteria attaches to tooth surface

36
Q

What are the key stages of biofilm formation?

A
  • Attachment and colonization
  • Growth and proliferation
  • Maturation and detachment
37
Q

Microorganisms become a component of biofilm, and it experiences a shift in ___ that makes it 1,000 times ___ to antibodies, antibiotics, and antimicrobial compounds

A

Gene expression
More Resistant

38
Q

What are the first bacteria to bind to pellicle?

A

Streptococcus Mitis
Streptococcus Oralis
Streptococcus Sanguinis
Actinomyces

MOS Act

39
Q

Which bacterial species typically appears first in the formation of biofilm/pellicle?

A

Streptococcal

40
Q

What bacterial species is typically present after 48 hours on the biofilm?

A

Streptococcus and filamentous (actinomyces)

41
Q

Describe streptococcus mutans

A
  • Large and acidogenic (produce acids)
  • Cause caries
  • Not early colonizer
  • Aciduric & acidogenic (live in & produce acid)
  • Starts caries process
42
Q

Describe Lactobacilli

A
  • Part of the climax community
  • Small number
  • Extremely aciduric
  • not early colonizer - they’re SECONDARY
  • Attracted to S mutans and S sobrinus
  • Contribute to demineralization
43
Q

Increased pH in the mouth would help with what?

A

Balance the acid

44
Q

What are the 2 primary streptococci species that appear in humans?

A

Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sobrinus

  • Both produce acids (acidogenic) and can live in acid (aciduric)
45
Q

Describe Streptococcus Sobrinus

A
  • Better adhesion to smooth surfaces
  • Arrives after S mutans colonization
  • Acidogenic & acidouric
46
Q

Carries can occur without ___ but NOT without ___

A

Without S. sobrinus
With S. mutans

47
Q

What is present during the succession stage of dental plaque?

A
  • 2 year colonizers
  • Actinomyces dominate (filamentous)
48
Q

What is present during the climax community stage of dental plaque?

A
  • Acid producing bacteria
  • Ex: Gram +ve Streptococci, Gram +ve rods, Actinomyces, and Lactobacili
49
Q

What are the extracellular polymers of dental plaque?

A

Glucan (glucosyltransferases)
Fructan (fructosyltransferase)

50
Q

What is the intracellular polymer of dental plaque?

A

Glycogen-like (storage)

51
Q

What are the 3 pathways that lead to the fermentation process (bacteria + sucrose) in dental plaque?

A

Extracellular polymer
Intracellular polymer
lactic acid + other acids + energy

52
Q

Rate and amount of acid formation ___ with age of the biofilm

A

Increases

53
Q

Dental biofilm must be up to ___ days old before demineralization happens

A

2 days
- Takes 2 days to produce plaque

54
Q

Acidogenic bacteria converts ___ to ___ that helps form the sticky biofilm matrix

A

Sucrose
Dextranpolysacchrie

55
Q

Dental plaque that’s less than 12 hours old. Saliva can repair in __

A

10 min

56
Q

Dental plaque that’s older than 48 hours. Saliva can repair in ___

A

4 Hours

57
Q

___ is associated with root caries

A

Actinomyces

58
Q

___ is associated with progression of caries

A

Lactobacilli

59
Q

What are examples of initiators of caries?

A

S. mutans and S. sobrinus

60
Q

Which of the following bacteria increase pH by generating alkali?
a. S. mitis
b. S. oralis
c. Actinomyces spp
d. Actinomyces naeslundii

A

Actinomyces naeslundii

61
Q

Early colonizer of pre-dentate biofilm and tooth structure by binding to the pellicle first

A

S. Oralis, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, Actinomyces

62
Q

What is not true of the acquired pellicle?
a. 1 micron thick
b. Acellular, proteinaceous film
c. Forms 30 min after cleaning
d. Made up of glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, lipids, and components of crevicular fluid

A

Forms 30 min after cleaning
(it forms within minutes)

614 - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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