Carpentry And Builders Construction book Flashcards
(513 cards)
1
Q
Spec House:
A
A house constructed by a builder before there is a buyer
2
Q
What are some examples of special conditions?
A
Is the lot on a flood plain? Are there any underground springs nearby? Is there any industrial contamination?
3
Q
Center lines (how do they look):
A
The center of an object. Represented by lines and dashes, evenly spaced. At intersections, short dashes intersect.
4
Q
Dimension lines:
A
Indicate the start and end point of a particular dimension. They have arrowheads at each end, and the dimension is written as a break in the middle of the line.
5
Q
Leader Lines
A
Connect a note or reference to part of the drawing. They usually end in an arrowhead or a large circular dot. The arrow/dot shorts always end within the outline of the object
6
Q
Break lines
A
May be solid, freehand lines that indicate short breaks. Full ruled lines with freehand zigzags are used for longer breaks.
7
Q
Sectioning lines
A
Indicate the exposed surfaces of an object in a sectional view. They are generally full, thin lines, but may vary with material.
8
Q
Hidden lines
A
Short evenly spaced dashes that shows objects hidden from view.
Dashes connect at corners, and don’t touch where it would continue another line.
9
Q
Outlines/Visible lines
A
Represent the edges of Objects we can actually see
10
Q
Cutting Plane lines
A
Show sections that would seize otherwise be hidden
11
Q
Signs for:
Outlet, pull switch, duplex convenience outlet, range outlet, special purpose outlet, single pole switch, 3 way switch, power panel
A
12
Q
Symbols for:
Outside door, inside door, swinging door, bypassing side door, double hung window horizontal sliding window, casement window
A
13
Q
Symbols for tub, toilet, sink
A
14
Q
Symbols for:
Brick, brick concrete block, cinder block, concrete, cut stone, earth, stone, sand, face grain wood, end grain wood, end grain alternative
A
15
Q
Site plan/plot plan
A
Shows the building lot with boundaries, contours, existing roads, utilities, etc.
16
Q
Framing plans
A
Show the size, number, and spacing of structural elements. May utilize separate plans for floors and roof
17
Q
Elevation
A
Side view that allows you to see the height and width of objects.
18
Q
Section views
A
Slices the house vertically so you can see inside details. (Cut may be staggered, or continuous)
19
Q
TYP
A
Tropical sections. Construction features that are repeated many times throughout the house are the same.
20
Q
Specific section
A
A construction feature that appears only once.
21
Q
A precise drawing giving information about a small or complex portion of the building is called a ________ _________
A
Detail drawing
22
Q
Isometric drawing
A
A drawing made around 3 lines that are 120 degrees apart. It gives the drawing a3 dimensional look.
23
Q
Engineering drawings
A
Pre manufactured components sometimes require this.
Sometimes they are made by civil/a engineer for specific problems.
Will contain an official stamp.
Can NOT be altered.
24
Q
Renderings
A
Presentation drawings, more like a picture.
25
Schedule:
A list or chart of necessary items (i.e windows, doors, etc. each item will have a corresponding letter or number to match to the plans.
26
Room finish schedule
Identifies the materials and finishes to be used for floors, walls, and ceilings for each room/hallway
27
_______ ________ ___________ determines how quickly flames will engulf the surface of the material.
Flame spread ratings
(Rated A-most resistant to C-least resistant)
28
Smoke density
The measure of how much smoke is created when a material is burning.
29
______ _________ ________ is a measure of how long an assembly or product will withstand a fire on one side without letting it pass to the other side.
Fire resistance rating
30
Anyone who prepares a estimate must:
Be able to read and measure building plans accurately
Have an excellent understanding of materials and techniques to build
Have an excellent understanding of local building codes
Be precise with their numbers
31
Pre design estimate
During the early stages, pre design estimates are like quotes. Multiply the square footage of the building by approx. construction cost + land cost
32
Quantity Takeoff
A cost estimate in which every piece of material required to build a house is counted and priced. You need a complete set of building plans first.
33
Unit-Cost Estimate
The house is divided into components. Estimates are made on each component. This is faster than the quantity takeoff. Units change for different components.
34
Calculating board feet (equation)
(Surface of 1 sq ft, thickness of 1”)
Number of pieces x W” x T” x L’/12
(If length is in inches, divide by 144)
35
Allowances
Are used when a cost is unknown until later in the building process. Lightning fixtures, floors, cabinetry, etc.
36
Money which is set aside for unforeseen complications in the building process is called a ____________ ______________
Contingency Allowance
(5-10% of the total cost)
37
Direct Costs:
Aka project cost. This is related to a specific house, e.g, labor, materials, permits, temporary power, etc.
38
Indirect Cost:
Overhead. Office equipment/supplies, construction tools/equipment, office payroll, taxes, etc.
39
Construction-Order Checklist:
Should go in the same order as the work to be done.
40
CSI masterformat
Look it up
41
First Load:
All the material needed to complete the house up to and including the subfloor.
42
Second Load:
Walk dealing and ceiling joist
43
Third Load:
Roof framing materials and roof coverings.
44
Fourth Load:
Exterior doors, windows, exterior trim, siding. (After this, the house can be locked up. Interior wall finish and plaster can be applied.)
45
Fifth Load:
Hardwood floors and underlayment
46
Sixth Load:
Interior doors, trim, and cabinets
47
What goes before excavation in the activity scheduling?
Surveys and permits.
48
What happens before the foundation?
Temporary water and power, usually from the city.
49
The first mechanical trades on the site, before the basement slab is poured:
Plumber
50
Before backfilling, you should
Frame. Especially ground level.
51
How long should you wait after windows and doors arrive before you install them?
ASAP
52
After driveway, sidewalk, and landscaping…
Install paint, resilient flooring, and fine electrical and plumbing. Hardwood and carpet are the last things.
53
Punch List:
The last on every activity schedule is gonna be the punch list. You walk through everything with the owner of the house.
54
Bar Chart:
An easy way to keep track of the project. It shows how long each task will take
55
Black background, red oval
Danger
56
Yellow background, black rectangle
Caution
57
P A S S
Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep
58
How often should excavations be inspected?
Daily
59
Excavations deeper than ____ must have shoring, sloping, or trench boxes
5 ft.
60
Benched Excavations:
Have a stepped slope. This may offer more protection.
61
Simple or benched slope excavations deeper than ____ must be designed by a registered engineer.
20’
62
Soil has to be removed at least ____ away from the edge
2’
63
Ladders or ramps in excavations should be no more than _____ away from workers
25’
64
Can you have standing water in your excavation
No. Water must be pumped out
65
Which is better for guardrails, nails or screws?
Screws
66
When debris must be dropped ____ outside the building, a chute must be used.
20’+
Inside the building you still need barricades
67
A person still sweats, but experiences extreme weakness, fatigue, giddiness, nausea, or headache. Skin is clammy and moist.
Heat exhaustion. Rest in a cool place and drink electrolytes
68
Sweating stops, mental confusion/delirium, hot, dry, or red skin. 116 degrees Fahrenheit
Heat stroke. DON’T pour water on them, it can send them into shock. Instead, use a cloth. Fever and no sweat, call 911 immediately.
69
How should plywood for cabinetry be cut?
Good side down
70
What type ladder is used on construction sites
Industrial type 1, which is rated for 250 lbs.
71
What’s the ratio of a ladders working length to the horizontal distance
1 to 4
72
Access to scaffold should only be by what?
Stairs and fixed ladders
73
Delete
Delete
74
Trestle
Portable metal frame with rings for supporting scaffold. Like a ladder
75
What are pump jacks used for?
To work on Siding
76
Pump jacks must
Have posts no more than 30’ long
Posts must rest on wood or steel pads
Must be attached to the structure every 10’ by metal standoffs
77
A lifeline must be rated to support a minimum dead weight of
5,000 lbs.
78
Sequential nailer vs. contact nailer
Sequential nailers need to be pressed against the workpiece before they fire. Contact nailers do not.
79
What’s the max length a hose (house??) can be?
100’
80
Collated fasteners
A roll of nails, fed through automatically.
81
D head nails are used with
Nailers only.
82
Types of nails
83
Concrete hydration
A chemical process that occurs when water combines with cement. This generates heat as the concrete is cured.
84
Mortar/Grout
Water, cement, and sand (no coarse aggregate)
85
Portland cement ingredients
Lime, Silica, and alumina heated to 2,700+ degrees, then mixed with gypsum.
86
What type of Portland cement is most common?
Type 1.
(Type 3 is quick, type 4 is used for damns because it doesn’t crack.
87
Hydraulic cement
Expands when mixed with water and is used to plug up holes and in foundation.
88
Air entrained concrete
Good for changes in temperature/cold climates
89
Retarding admixtures
Useful in the heat
90
Accelerating admixtures
Helps in a tight schedule. Calcium chloride is a liquid option (dissolves better)
91
Crazing
Fine cracks that appear within a week. Crazing is caused by excessive floating or by spraying water on during the finish. Can also be caused by improper curing in hot, dry weather.
92
Plastic shrinkage
Shallow, parallel cracks caused by drying too fast.
93
Efflorescence
Whitish crystalline deposit that appears on the surface of concrete/mortar. Can occur after curing, or when compounds are drawn from soil into concrete.
94
Cracks in concrete
Can significantly reduce the strength and durability of concrete. Causes include not compacting enough, too high slump, not enough expansion joints, or shallow rebar.
95
Chalking
Loose powder on a concrete surface. Caused by finishing wet concrete, or putting concrete over non absorbent materials.
96
Scaling concrete
Flaking of concrete, usually caused by extreme freezing/thawing
97
Psi to bag conversions
2,500 psi - 4 1/2 bags
3,000 psi - 5 bags
3,500 psi - 5 1/2 bags
4,000 psi - 6 bags
98
What is a 6-6-6-0 mix?
6 bags, 6 gallons of water, 6% of additives
99
1:2:3 batch
1 pail of Portland cement, 2 pails of sand, 3 pails of crushed stone
100
What is the minimum bag mix for ready mix concrete trucks?
5 bag mix (5 bags per 1 cu. yd.)
6 bags where high strength is needed or steel reinforcement is used.
101
Why is epoxy coated steel used?
In especially corrosive conditions.
102
Size and weight of reinforcing bars
103
How much cover do different rebar need?
104
What is the most common welded wire fabric for residential construction?
6x6
105
What are the two basic methods to determine a building’s location?
Measuring from an existing reference line, or using surveying equipment like a level or transit.
106
Builder’s level
Aka dumpy level. Accurate within 1/4” at a distance of 75’
107
Automatic Level
Automatic levels are accurate at least 1/4” at 100’. Some are accurate 1/16 at 200’
108
Transits:
Transits are measured in minutes and seconds. They can measure horizontally and vertically. They can determine if a post or a wall is plumb.
109
Electronic transit:
Theodolite
110
Station Mark
Point over which the level is directly centered
111
Batter Board Steps
1. Drive 3 2x4s at each corner, at least 4’ past foundation
2. Nail 2x6 or 2x8 to the stakes horizontally and level
3. Stretch string exactly over nails in the corner stakes
4. Make a saw kerf where the string hits the board
5. Tie the strings to the batter boards
Check the diagonal to make sure corners are square
112
Top of foundation wall height
Established by the building code. Often, it is 8” above finished grade
113
Beating capacity
A measure of how well the soil can support the weight of a house
114
Topsoil is often stockpiled by what equipment?
Dozer, front end loader, or a grader
115
If you dug a footing too deep, how do you backfill it?
Never use soil. Only use more concrete to bring it to grade.
116
Typical footing dimensions
117
Keyway
A dent on the top of a concrete footing that locks the wall in place to prevent moisture. It’s usually 3 1/2 wide x and 1 1/2 deep (a 2x4 is often used)
118
After the rebar is positioned in a footing,
The top of the footing should be toweled smooth.
119
Lumber formwork is often done with:
Spreaders to make the form the right size.
Duplex nails (easier to remove later)
120
What else needs a footing
Other load bearing parts of the structure (chimneys, columns, etc.)
121
What size are blocks used for basement walls and stepped footings?
8” (including 3/8” mortar joint)
Vertical step shouldn’t be more than 2” (best practice)
122
Footing drains
Always have holes facing down, (4” plastic. DON’T FORGET DAMP PROOFING
123
Can you run storm water to a septic tank or drain field
No
124
How much should footing drains be sloped?
1/8” per foot minimum
125
ICF is not permitted in what areas?
Areas with heavy termite infestation.
126
Should concrete be thick or thin?
As thick as possible.
127
How to get air pockets out of concrete
You can sometimes jab it with a shovel or pipe repeatedly as it is poured. Vibrator is better
128
Crawl spaces must have
Vapor barrier underneath, ventilation, and insulation in the floor above. Floor girders have to be 12” of the ground min. And must be covered with 6 mil plastic sheeting (reinforced sheeting is better)
129
Masonry Ledge:
A supporting ledge of the foundation wall, about 5” wide (including 1” gap between brick and tyvek). Base flashing is used below sheathing and framing. (Lapped with sheathing paper) weep holes also on this course.
130
Utility Sleeves:
A tight fitting foam block is placed within the form and nailed down, leaving space for utilities.
131
Flashing on a brick wall goes…
Under the first brick course that’s above grade.
132
How to reduce moisture in a beam pocket?
Add 1/2” clearance at the sides ands ends of the beam. Waterproof membrane, such as roll roofing, is applied under the end of the beam.
133
How long to leave forms on?
At least 2 days, hopefully more. At least a week when below freezing.
134
How do you pry concrete forms?
Use wood wedges, NOT metal pry bars. Also don’t use a wire brush, only a wedge + a bristle brush.
135
Is damp proofing required for foundation walls if it’s not an inhabitable space?
Yes. Damp proofing is still required.
136
Dampproofing walls must convert what area?
It must cover the entire foundation wall from the top of the footing to finished grade. Don’t apply it concrete is too fresh. (May not stick)
137
In more demanding circumstances (e.g livable spaces, high water tables) what else miser happen?
A waterproofing membrane must be applied. All joints must be overlapped and sealed with the correct adhesive.
138
Examples of waterproofing membranes:
2-ply hot mopped felts
55-lb rolled roofing
6-mil PVC/Polyethylene
40-mil polymer cement
60-mil flexible polymer cement
1/8” cement based fiber reinforced waterproofing coating
60-mil solvent-free liquid-applied synthetic rubber
139
During backfilling, what do you have to do to vertical drain pipes
Cap them to prevent them from getting filled up.
140
When backfilling, what sized lifts should you use?
6”-8” lifts compact as you go. Be careful about wood debris, never use clay or other expanding, poorly draining soils. Later gravel in as needed.
141
What sized rebar for reinforcing block walls?
#4 - #7 rebar laid vertically then filled with concrete.
142
In a block wall, columns of rebar and concrete should be spaced no more than:
72” OC
143
Pilasters:
Columns on the interior side of a CMU wall that strengthen the wall under a beam or girder.
144
In CMU walls, basement doors ABs windows should be what?
Keyed to the foundation to prevent air leakage and add rigidity
145
What is the nominal dimension of brick?
Nominal dimensions allows for a 3/8” thick mortar joint
146
Vertical mortar joints are called ____
Horizontal joints are called ____
Head joints
Bed joints
147
Stretcher, corner, and 2 core stretcher
148
Common bond vs stack bond
Common bond is most common, courses are overlapped. Stack bond is straight up and down (aesthetic)
149
Goes to protect blocks from moisture:
Put them on planks, not on the ground. Cover them. Don’t allow moisture during storage or building.
150
What affects the strength of a mortar bond?
The type and quantity of mortar
The workability, aka plasticity of the mortar
The surface texture of the bedding area
The rate at which the masonry units absorbs the moisture
The water retention of the mortar
Skill
151
What are the ingredients of mortar and how do they influence the mix?
Cement: strength
Hydrated Lime: plasticity and stickiness
Sand: reduces shrinkage
152
Types of mortar:
M: below grade/heavy duty
N: above grade
O: interior walls/low strength
S: earthquake/high wind zones
153
How long can mortar sit?
Mortar should be used within 2 1/2 hrs on hot (above 80) days, and 3 1/2 hrs on cool days.
154
Building the corners
The corners are usually built 4 or 5 courses high, then set the bottom course straight (chalk line), then lay the full mortar bed, and place the brick accurately.
155
Story pole
A wood story pole marked with the course levels should be used to maintain proper height
156
How to tie walls together
A metal lath or 1/4 mesh galvanized cloth for non load bearing walls. Got load bearing walls, ladder reinforcement is used on every other course of block.
157
How to determine # of block?
9 8x8x16 blocks = 8 sq ft.
Find total sq fr off wall, divide by 8,
Multiple by 9.
Then subtract 1/2 of block from each corner course.
Or just use a table.
DON’T FORGET OPENINGS
158
Anchor bolts:
1/2” in diameter, 7” long, not more than 6’ apart. Metal lath is placed in the second joint from the top.
159
Parging
The process of spreading mortar or cement plaster over the block as part of the damp-proofing process. Make sure to add a cove (lip) to the bottom where the wall meets the foundation
160
Parging 2.0
Parging should be at least 3/8” thick. After it dries, add asphalt. If additional waterproofing is needed, see concrete waterproofing.
161
Surface Bonding:
Aka dry stacking. Stack wall on a bed of mortar. Then, Don’t mortar in between joints. Use fiberglass reinforced mortar at least 1/8” thick. Takes less skill
162
Protective steps against radon:
Gas permeable layer (4” thick drainage beneath floor slab)
Soil gas retarder (polyethylene sheeting 6 mil thick on top of gas layer
Sealants (seal all openings and cracks)
Vent pipe
Cap course- cap off all block walls to stop the gas from traveling
163
Flatwork
Concrete flat work is usually 5” or less
164
Monolithic slab
Monolithic: slab and foundation are a single pour. Strengthened with rebar at edges. (Better for moderate climates and termite areas)
165
Independent slab
House is supported by foundation walls, and the slab is poured between the walls.
166
How high above grade does the concrete foundation/wall have to be?
8” (siding should be 6” max off the ground
167
IRC building code prohibits what in termite heavy zones
Foam plastic insulation cannot be used on the OUTSIDE of a foundation.
168
Foundation poured with foundation walls need…
Rigid insulation on top of the vapor barrier.
169
Need for vapor barrier
Without pressure, water doesn’t penetrate concrete. (Proper drainage prevents this). Water vapor can still penetrate
170
Vapor barrier for foundations
6-mil polyethylene, cross laminated is better. Joints must be lapped at least 6”. Forced concrete to dry differently. Cover polyethylene with 3” layer of sand.
171
How far can concrete drop?
4’
172
Minimum thickness for basement floors
3 1/2”, sloping towards the floor drain.
173
Max slope for gravel driveways
7%
174
Concrete driveways
5”, Should have broom finish and be slightly crowned. Gravel bases aren’t required for sandy, undisturbed soil. Vapor barriers aren’t required, forms are built from 2x6s
175
How does the driveway meet the sidewalk
With an expansion joints of asphalt saturated felt strips. Also should be used every 40’ (long driveways)
176
Walkways to the house should have steps when greater than ____
5%
177
When to screed concrete?
When to bullfloat?
When to edge/joint
Screed immediately
Bullfloat when concrete is moist but not wet
Edge when the sheen has left
178
When floating air entrained concrete…
Only use aluminum or mag floats. (Wood sticks to the concrete)
179
Fresno
Steel trowel attached to a large handle.
180
Concrete should be kept moist for AT LEAST how many days?
2 days, 5 days for exposed concrete.
181
Cambium
Layer of living tissue that produces sapwood, which becomes heartwood over time.
182
What is the maximum backfill that can cover a trees roots?
1ft. Be especially careful with oak
183
Flat sawn wood
Arch like pattern in the grain.
184
Moisture content
The amount of water in wood, expressed in weight of water divided by overall weight.
185
Drying up to _____ doesn’t cause shrinkage.
28%
186
Moisture content of air dried vs. kiln dried concrete
Air dried-19%
Kiln dried<10%
187
Quarter sawn vs. Flat sawn lumber
188
How do builders condition homes to prevent swelling/shrinking of lumber?
???
189
How much does board size vary based on lumber?
About 1% for every 4% change in moisture
190
What kind of primer do you use on hardwood?
Oil based primer
191
Hardwood grades
First and seconds (FAS), select, and no. 1 common
192
Softwood grades
Green (>19%)
Dry (<19%)
Grading varies by region (e.g western wood products association, etc.)
193
Softwood grade stamp
194
Nominal dimension vs. actual dimension
Nominal dimension: width and thickness of rough sawn lumber
Actual dimension: dimensions after being surfaced and seasoned
195
Lumber defects
196
Lumber defects 2
197
Dry rot
Brown crumbly rot where the wood was exposed to moisture. Started out as discoloration in wood or paint. Where decay is occurring, hammer tap may sound hollow/sunken areas
198
Highest decay resistance in natural softwoods
The heartwood of Bald cypress, redwood, and cedar
199
____________________ termites account for 95% of all termite damage
Subterranean
200
What is the evidence of carpenter ants?
Sawdust piles
201
How do you treat carpenter bees
Insecticides, and painting the wood
202
Engineered panel
Any manufactured sheet product, including plywood, which is made of wood or wood pieces bonded with a natural or synthetic adhesive.
203
Veneer quality grading
Ranges from A (best) to D (worst)
204
(Optional) plywood grade stamps
205
Water resistant veneer markings
Water resistant veneers always end with an ’X’. All exterior panels need to be water resistant.
206
Performance panels
Typically used for single-layer subflooring, exterior siding, and sheathing. (Broken down further into categories based on moisture resistance)
207
APA stamp example
208
Composite panels vs. plywood
Plywood is made from veneer only, composite panels (OSB, MDF, particleboard) o m made from veneer, chips, and fibers.
209
OSB gaps
Sheathing and flooring should have 1/8” gap at the ends, and 1/4” gap at the sides. Do not damage the edges (sealed to prevent moisture)
210
Hardboard with 1 side smooth and 2 sides smooth abbreviations
S1S (one side smooth)
S2S (two sides smooth)
211
MDF
Good for painting on. Carbide tipped saw blades are best.
212
Particleboard
Smooth and inexpensive. Course flakes located near core, smoother flakes located on surfaces Not as strong as OSB or MDF, wax can be added to increase water resistance.
213
Engineered lumber should not be used where?
Where it will be exposed to the weather.
214
Web stiffeners
Added to I joists at points of high stress. Bearing stiffeners vs load stiffeners???
215
What material is used for rim joists on I joist flooring?
Rim boards, NOT solid lumber.
216
Glulam
Layers of lumber that have been glued together. Stronger than solid lumber of the same dimension, stronger than steel. Also fire resistant
217
Glulam installation
The camber (curve) must be facing up. (Radius of curvature is 3,500’ residential, 1,600’ commercial)
218
Finger jointed lumber characteristics
It’s always straight
It can be sawed and nailed like regular
It’s available in longer lengths
219
Certified glued joints (finger joints):
ONLY suitable for vertical use. Never use it horizontally.
220
Balloon framing
Studs go from sill plate to top of 2nd floor. 1x4 ribbons run diagonally on 2nd floor studs. Less affected by expansion/contraction, but not used because length of boards needed.
221
Platform framing
Every level is built separately, the floor is independent of the walls. Mind the connections between floors, walls, and roofs.
222
Floor joist stud spacing
12”, 16”, 19.2”, 24”, wall studs are typically just 16 OC
223
In line spacing
All joists, studs, and rafters are spaced the same. Increase load bearing efficiency and reduces amt. of lumber. E.g you don’t need a double-top plate
224
Post and beam framing
Uses fewer, but larger pieces. Subfloors and roofs are supported by beams spaced <8’ beams are supported by structural timber posts. Exposed beams in ceiling are aesthetic
225
Structural timber
5”x5” or greater
226
Timber framing
Post and beam framing using traditional woodworking techniques.
227
SIP
3 1/2” foam insulation between 2 sheets of exterior plywood/OSB
228
Shear wall
A wall designed to resist lateral (sideways) forces. Shear strength is crucial at the corners of a house
229
How to create a shear wall?
You can use a specific nail spacing. The top of the wall must be fastened to the second floor framing, the bottom of the wall must be fastened to the still plate.
230
Design value
A number assigned to how well a particular wood resists stresses. ALWAYS READ FOOTNOTES
231
Modulus of elasticity
A measure of how far wood will bend in proportion to its load (e.g springy floorboards)
232
Nail size picture
233
16d nail pronunciation
‘16 Penny’; nails are classified in this way by length
234
Standard zinc coating:
G 60 (don’t .005” thick)
Upper limit: G185. Anything beyond that and you should consider stainless.
235
Joist hangars
Sturdy 18 gauge galvanized brackets for holding joists. Sometimes, they come with their own 10d nail (otherwise, use 10d common)
236
I joist tip
DON’T NAIL I JOISTS. Use web stiffeners on hangars to fill the gap
237
16D common vs. sinker
Sinkers are thinner and shorter
238
Joist hanger nails
larger diameter than common nails, provided by mfr
239
Floor joist
Any light beam that supports a floor
240
Girder
Large principal horizontal never used to support floor joists
241
Post
Post is a vertical member that supports the girder. Posts can be made out of steel, wood, engineered wood, or sometimes blocks
242
Steel post requirements
AKA lally columns. 3” diameter minimum. You need Rust protection. They take up less space. Sometimes, they are filled with concrete for extra strength???
243
Girder placement
Down the middle and across
244
What determines the strength of steel girders?
The depth of the web (i), and the thickness of the steel.
245
W12 x 45#
W - wide flange
12” flange
45 lb per foot
246
Wood bearing plates can be fastened to steel using what?
Steel pins, powder actuated. Or welded threads for bolts
247
Dead load
The total weight of the building. (Including anything permanently attached.)
248
Live load
Anything not permanently attached. Live loads are calculated by the use of the building.
249
Floor trusses
Structural product that can be used as a girder or joist. Made of chords, webs, and connector plates. Use temporary braces to keep trusses in place.
250
Box sills
Sill is anchored to the foundation wall and rim joist is toenailed to the sill.
251
Sill plates
Establish the quality of everything that comes after. The HAVE to be level and properly secured. Sill plates must be secured every 6’ and 12” from the edge. Use sill sealer underneath to prevent leaks.
252
There’s a crown in a joist, which way should you lay it?
Crown side up. Knots are only ok on the compression (top) side.
253
Rim boards
Solid wood rim joists cant be used for i beam floors. Use Engineered wood products called rim boards
254
Solid bridging (floor joists)
Perpendicular bracing. No bridging is required by code but a lot of builders add it anyways. 1 row of bridging >8ft, two evenly spaced for >16 ft.
255
Cross bridging
More common, bridging at an angle to make an ‘x’
256
Bridging tip (floor joists)
Leave the bottom loose until after the subfloor has been installed. Then go back and nail the bottoms. (Use a chalk line)
257
Floor joists under load bearing walls
If the wall runs parallel, double the joist. If pipes have to go through the floor, add blocking (must be same size as floor joist) to triple the the joist.
258
Joist headers
Horizontal members that carry loads and direct the weight around spaces (stairwells, chimneys, etc.)
259
Tail joists and trimmer joists
Tail joists run into the header. Trimmer joists are on the side of the header.
260
Which stairwell is easier to frame? Parallel or perpendicular?
Parallel.
261
Rough openings of stairwells to be at least…
37” wide, (36” finished with 1/2” drywall)
262
Cantilevered extensions shouldn’t extend beyond:
2’
263
Flooring tip:
Use hangers on tail joists
264
What thickness is the subfloor?
1 1/8” or thicker (tongue and groove)
265
Hours much glue for a glue nailed subfloor?
I bead of construction adhesive to each joist. Panels are installed immediately thereafter. Pneumatic nailers should be used.
266
Underlayment
An additional layer, should not be laid until right before the floor.
267
The subfloor grain should go
Perpendicular to the joist grain.
268
How to nail a subfloor
Measure 48” across the joists.
Half nail the subfloor
Space gaps with a 10D box nail (1/8”)
Stagger with 1/2 panels and full panels
269
When laying underlayment, the edges should be
At least 2” offset from the subfloor. (Usually automatically done because subfloor extends beneath the wall plates and the underlayment does not.
270
Blocking beneath subfloor
The edges should be supported with blocking between joists. (Just nominal 2” lumber)
271
Wall studs should be at least
No. 3 standard/stud grade lumber
272
How to cut the ends of studs
Circular saw, radial arm saw, or miter saw. Not necessary for pre cut studs
273
Purposes of a double plate
1. Adds strength
2. Supports rafters and joists above
3. Helps distribute loads
4. Ties intersecting walls together
274
King stud
The stud on either side of an opening
275
How are headers built
Headers brace the tops of openings.
They are built from multiple 2 by’s and space blocks.
276
Let-in bracing
Studs are notched to receive diagonal 1x4 bracing
277
Typical wall sheathing thickness
At least 5/16”, but 1/2” is more common
278
Advantages to laying sheathing on the ground
Eliminates need for ladders, but it adds more weight.
279
Top edge of sheathing requires what?
Blocking between studs. Horizontal sheathing is allowed, but would require more horizontal blocking
280
2 main steps of a wall layout
1. Mark the location of walls on the subfloor
2. Mark the location of the studs, windows, and doors on the wall plates
281
The outside edge of the exterior wall should be flush with the:
Outside edge of the subfloor
282
Carpenters’ tip
Never assume that the floor is square!!
283
By walls and butt walls
By walls are take the outside corner, they are erected first. Butt walls are put up second and they are connected by the top plate.
284
How to setup wall plates for markings
Tack them together with 2 or 3 8d nails. Mark every stud, door, and window.
285
Marking openings on plates
Measure from one corner to the center of the opening, mark with a center line symbol
286
Corner post construction
DON’T do blocking, only solid studs because you can’t insulate blocking.
287
Layout template
An aluminum bar that is set 16”OC for easy markings
288
How to build a header
Nail 2 2x6s and a 1/2” plywood spacer (3 1/2” total). Use 16d nails, staggered on 16” centers.
289
Metal straps on headers
In high wind areas, code may require metal straps to connect headers, plates, and studs
290
Temporary bracing
Prevents walls from tipping when standing them up, keeps walls in position after you plumb them. May consist of a 2x4/6 and a block nailed to the subfloor.
291
When putting up walls, what do safety cleats do?
Safety cleats prevent wall from kicking out.
292
What size nails for the double plate?
10d nails, 16” oc, 2 nails per corner
293
What are some ways to increase the strength of shear walls?
Extra nailing, hold downs, anchor bolts, wider studs, construction adhesives, sheathing, etc. as specified by engineer.
294
Cabinet walls
Inset cabinet walls must have blocking to nail directly into.
295
Soffit
Aka bulkhead. Is a lowered portion of ceiling, used for lights and shavings where cabinet doesn’t meet ceiling.
296
How deep is a soffit
A soffit will be about 2” deeper than the cabinet to make room for the molding
297
Building code may require fire blocking in walls that are over _____
10’ high. (In standard height walls, the bottom plate is the fireblocking)
298
Common roof styles
299
Gable roof
Triangular walls, enclosed by sloping roof. May include dormers (upright projected windows) for light and ventilation.
300
Hip roof
Slopes at the ends and sides (even overhang). Very strong, can handle severe storms.
301
Gambrel roof
Steep slope leads to gradual slope, used on barns.
302
Roof framing diagram
303
Tyes of rafters diagram
304
Span (roofing)
Distance between the outer edges of the top plates. Measured perpendicular to the ridge board.
305
Total run
1/2 the length of the span
306
The unit run (roofing)
90 degrees to the ridge will always be ___
12”
How much the rafter movers horizontally in a flat foot of space
307
Total rise/unit rise
Total rise is vertical distance between top plate and top of measuring line
Unit rise number is inches the roof rises for every flat foot.
308
Slope vs. pitch
Slope - rise to run
Pitch - rise to span
309
Bird’s mouth
A notch made in the rafter so it will fit within the top plate.
Vertical is called heel cut, the flat is called seat cut
310
Strongbacks
A length of wood that runs perpendicular to the joists, stood upright. Stiffens the ceiling joist, but doesn’t replace header.
311
Trusses
Save on labor and materials by utilizing smaller dimension labor.
312
Parts of a roof truss
313
3 types of trusses
314
Truss tips
Support and lift upright, support entire length of truss, protect from ground dampness and rain, leave the bands on until just before you use them.
315
Truss bracing
Gable end bracing
Bracing is decided be mfr. gable end truss is most important. Should be braced to the ground.
316
Top chord bracing
Top chord bracing the rest with 2bys and 16d nails diagonally. Can be removed after sheathing is installed. Permanent bracing doesn’t remove the need for temporary bracing.
317
Partition clips
Allow up and down movement under load, but doesn’t allow side to side movement. Necessary for non bearing partition walls
318
Purlins
Purlins are horizontal structural members that transfer roof loads to structural supports underneath.
319
Box cornice diagram
320
Fascia
A board that is mailed to the end of the rafter tails to protect the end grain of rafters and gives a surface to mount rafters
321
Soffit (roofing)
The underside of the eaves, sometimes enclosed with plywood, vinyl, or aluminum.
322
Lookout
Horizontal members that extend from rafter end to form horizontal surface for soffits to be attached.
323
Installing a sectional soffit
324
Stamped sheathing panels (e.g 32/16)
Top number, maximum roof spacing.
Bottom number, maximum floor spacing.
325
For 7/16,15/32,&1/2 inch thick panels:
1 6d nail 6” from the edge, then spaced every 12”, OR
Stapling 4” from edge, then every 8”
326
Building code requires that the total area of window and glass in a room be not less than:
8% of the floor area. Must be able to open at least 4% (unless air conditioned)
327
Bathrooms must have no less than
3 sq ft of glazing, unless ventilated with fan
328
Characteristics of an egress window
Sill height < 44”
Height of opening > 24”
With > 20”
Unblocked open area > 5.7 sq ft (5.0 sq ft on grade)
329
Basic window styles
330
Muntins
Vertical or horizontal piece that holds a pane of glass
331
Most accurate ratings of windows performance will include:
Weatherstripping, materials, construction, and glazing
332
U values
Heat transfer ratings for windows. Like r values for insulation, but reversed. Lower U factors indicate greater performance.
333
Solar heat gain coefficient
Amt of solar heat that passes through a window from 0 (none) to 1 (all)
334
Visible transmittance
Indicate how well a window transmits daylight, expressed as a percentage.
335
Double glazed windows
Has air in between the glass as insulation.
336
Low e glazing
Glass that transmits less heat to the outside.
337
1. Heat absorbing glazing
2. Gas filled glazing
1. Absorbs heat in colder climates
2. Double glazed window with more dense gas (argon or krypton) to increase efficiency.
338
Tunnel skylight
A dome skylight brings in light to a sealed tunnel through the attic to a diffuser in a room below. Allows natural daylight in a interior room.
339
Installing a flange window
340
Step flashing vs. pan flashing
Step flashing consists of small L shaped metals that are interwoven with shingles.
Pan flashing is a single piece, must be specially fabricated.
341
Raised panel door diagram
342
Standard door jamb size:
4 9/16” wide. You can nail in a jamb extension to widen the jamb. Or use a custom jamb.
343
Single door diagram
344
Exterior doors (size):
Usually 1 3/4” thick and >6’ 8”
Main entrance needs to be 3’, other doors can be 2’ 8”
345
Astragal stop
T shaped molding on French doors
346
Any door between a house and an attached garage must have one of the following:
20 minute fire rating
Solid wood construction > 1 3/8” thick
Solid core or honeycomb core steel not less than 1 3/8” thick
(Don’t trim the doors, it could affect their fire rating)
347
Installing the door frame
Belle installing the frame, prepare the rough opening 2” wider and 2” higher then for. The top of the sill should sit flush with finished floor surface.
348
Exterior door hinge placement
Exterior doors usually have 3 hinges
349
Bifold doors
Usually for laundry rooms/closets/pantries. Put the pin in the track so the doors can fold open and closed
350
Interior door diagram
Interior doors only need 2 hinges
351
Fitting a door diagram
352
Exposure (shingles)
The amount of a single that shows after installation. The exposed edge is called the butt edge,
353
Top lap/side lap
Top lap: the portion of a shingle by the the shingle above
Side lap: the portion of a shingle hidden by another an adjacent shingle
354
Underlayment (roof)
Material (like roofing felt) that is applied to to the sheathing before the roof shingles.
355
Roof slopes
Flat < 2 1/2-in-12
Low between 2 1/2-in-12 and 4-in-12
High > 4-in-12
356
Shingles can be made of:
Asphalt, fiberglass, wood, cement, or slate
357
Anatomy of a shingle
358
Architectural shingles
Aka laminated shingles. Strip shingle has variable widths cut into it for a deep, textured look
359
Types of shingles
Strip(most common), individual (interlocked lbs or stapled down), and large individual (either Dutch or American lap methods)
360
Roll roofing
Cheap, industrial, requires double coverage of underlayment
361
Tile roofing
Tile roofing better for fire hazard, popular in California
362
Underlayment (roofing)
Protects the sheathing from moisture until shingles are installed
it provides a second layer of weatherproofing
It prevents asphalt shingles from sticking to the sheathing
It prevents condensation on the sheathing.
363
How to prevent ice dams
Don’t let the roof get warm. Use soffit vents and insulation to prevent the warmth from staying at the eave, and eave flashing
364
Eave flashing
At least 2 layers of underlayment, cemented together
A single layer of self sheeting bitumen sheet
Exposed metal flashing sheets with soldered joints
(Should extend 24” up the eaves)
365
Metal for flashing
Galvanized steel, at least 26 gauge (.024”), 16 oz. Copper, or lead coated copper
366
Step flashing
Small L shaped pieces of metal that can be used wherever the vertical and horizontal planes of the roof meet
367
Valley flashing
Has a rib that reduces splash into the other side of the roof. Flashing is held into place with metal cleats that allow the flashing to expand and contract.
368
Drip edges
Drip edges are designed to protect the edges of the roof it is applied to the sheathing UNDER the underlayment at the eaves, and OVER the underlayment at the rake.
2” onto the roof, 2” overlap, nailed 12” OC
369
Installing underlayment
Single coverage: no. 15 felt, bottom to top. Create a top lap of 2”, and a side lap of 4”, hips and ridges, 6” each side.
End laps should be at least 6’ apart
370
Fastening underlayment
Only use as much fasteners as necessary.
Button caps: nails with thin plastic washers (prevents wind damage)
Some roofers use a hammer tacker
371
Bundle of shingles
25 paper wrapped shingles. 3 bundles in a square of shingles. SPREAD THE WEIGHT AROUND!!!
372
3 tab shingles nailing
Requires 4 nails per strip. Individual tabs require at least 2 nails. High winds may require 6 nails
(1 nail 5/8” above the cutouts, 1” from either edge, and centerline of each cutout)
373
Baffle boards
Maintain 1” space between sheathing and insulation
374
Closed valley roofing
36” roll roofing (55lb min.)
Weave tabs at least 12” past the center
Use extra nail at the end of each strip
No metal flashing is necessary
375
Closed cut valley roofing
Lay one side of shingles and have at least 6” clearance past center line Snap a chalk line on the adjacent side, lay shingles and cut at the chalk line. 3” wide asphalt cement is used under the cut ends and no fasteners are installed within 6” of the valley.
376
Open valley
overlaps with the roof 4” vertical, 8” up the sides, 36” underlayment underneath.
Mineral surface asphalt: 18” wide roll roofing, 12” overlap vertically, minimal nails 1” from edge 36” strip on top of that. Snap a chalk line on either side for shingles.
377
Wood shingles
Usually on open sheathing, underlayment is 30 lb asphalt saturated felt. Underlayment kiss overlapped with the roof successively.
378
Shakes
Handsplit and resawed
Tapersplit
Straightsplit
379
Shake slopes
Shakes are not recommended for slopes of less than 3-in-12
380
Max exposure for shakes
Double coverage:
13” for 32” shakes, 10” for 22” shakes, 7 1/2” for 18” shakes
Triple coverage:
10” for 32” shakes, 7 1/2” for 22” shakes, 5 1/2” for 18” shakes
381
Wood single side spacing
1/4” - 3/8”
382
Wood shingle lengths
22” (royals), 18” (perfections), 16”(fivex)
383
Wood shingle grades
No. 1 grade (blue label), No. 2 grade (red label), and No. 3 grade (black label)
Also. An undercourse grade for starter courses.
Exposures depends on roof slope.
384
Eave protection
In cold climates, plywood sheathing is required at least 24” inside the interior wall. Then cover with double layer of 30lb asphalt saturated felt (self adhering bitumen could work)
385
What do you do on first layer of wood shingles first course
Double or triple the first course. It should project 1”-1 1/2” past the eaves to serve as a drip edge. No. 3 grade singles are often used on the starter course.
386
Minimum overlap for wood shingles
Side lap at least 1 1/2” (staggered).
Also, at least 1 1/2” from any defect.
Space shingles 1/4” - 3/8”
387
Nailing wood shingles
Use only 2 nails per single. Not more than 3/4” from the side edge, not more that 1” above the exposure line. Drive nails flush
388
Slope for gutters
At least 1” per 16’ towards the downspout
25’ Max between high point and downspout.
389
How to fasten gutters
Wraparound hangers every 3’-4’ OC
Spike and fertile method: aluminum spikes through the gutters and into the fascia board.
390
How to fasten downspouts
Straps or hooks should be used at least 2 per 8’
Splash blocks should be at least 3’ long
(Some contractors use underground drain directly to a storm sewer instead.
391
Wood siding variations
392
Board and batten siding:
When square edges board siding is used, how are joints covered with slender pieces of metal called battens.
393
Flashing on wood siding
Flashing is used wherever siding meets a horizontal surface (door frames, window sills, etc.) flashing must extend to behind the siding.
394
How is the sheathing protected from wind blown rain and vapor?
Building paper or house wrap, stapled just before siding is installed. Siding is installed over this barrier.
395
Vapor barriers on sliding
Vapor barriers prevent water from entering, but lets water leave freely.
396
Housewraps
Made from fight density polyethylene fibers. Blocks water but not vapor. It’s lightweight, 9’ wide, difficult to rip, but you need to use HOUSEWRAP SEAM TAPE on all seams and tears. Don’t use behind stucco.
397
What 3 kinds of nails can you use for siding?
Galvanized steel, stainless steel, or high tensile strength aluminum.
398
Galvanized nail types
Plated and hot dipped
Plating is more uniform, hot dipped is usually more resistant.
399
Stainless nails
Used when machine weather resistance is necessary, also used with cedar siding. (Cedar is corrosive to other metals)
400
Wood bevel siding priming
If it can’t been pre primed by mfr, then it needs to be back primed. Don’t forget cut edges and ends
401
Minimum overlap on wood siding
1” for 4”-6”, and 1 1/4” for widths over 6”.
(6” exposure, 1 nail per stud.
>8” exposure, 2 nails per stud)
402
Nail location on wood bevel siding
403
Vinyl siding panels
404
Nailing techniques for siding (vinyl)
Never drive nails unless specified.
Always drive nails straight and level.
Stay in the center work towards the ends
Space nails <16” apart on panels, and 8”-10” apart on accessories.
Center all nails. Except top corner post
Leave 1/4” space at joints and corner posts
Stagger end laps (rear to front) 24” between courses
end laps must be >1” wide.
405
Fiber cement siding
Very popular. Won’t burn, rot, or split. It resists mold, mildew, fungus, and UV rays, termites, etc. most commonly sold as planks
406
Fiber cement siding storage
Store dry and flat. Carry long planks on their edge. Use respirator when cutting. Use pneumatic or handheld shears to cut. Or circular saw with approved blade. Consider HEPA filter on circular saw.
407
Facing brick
Used for exposed exterior surfaces
408
Fire brick
Pale yellow or buff in color. Used for fireplaces ands other heating units, AKA refractory brick
409
Cored brick
AKA hollow brick have holes in them. Bricks without holes are called solid brick. Cored bricks harden more evenly during firing. Cored bricks are cheaper, lighter, and extra mortar gets in the cores for stronger connections
410
Frogs
Depressions in the brick that help the mortar. Frog side always goes down.
411
Modular and nonmodular brick dimensions
412
6 brick positions
413
Types of mortar (pic)
414
Key differences between concrete and mortar
Concrete should have the least amount of water possible, mortar should spread easily and stick to vertical surfaces. Concrete doesn’t contain lime.
415
Mortar drying time
Mortar can be retempered? Above 80 degrees, mortar drying time is 2 1/2 hrs. Cooler temperatures might extend mortar drying time.
416
Supporting a brick veneer wall
A brick veneer wall must be supported by the concrete/masonry foundation and must be tied to the framework of the house.
417
Wall ties (brick walls)
Veneer walls must be tied to the frame of the house with corrosion resistant wall ties. 7/8” x 6” straps are standard. Wire ties are more corrosion resistant.
418
Wall tie construction (brick walls)
One side is nailed/screwed through the sheathing into the stud, the other side is embedded into the mortar joint (2”), spaced a maximum of 24”
419
Lintels
A lintel is a structural support for masonry, made from steel, stone, or concrete. Must have at least 4” of bearing.
420
Rowlock
Slanted bricks at the sill to shed water
421
Lead corner (brick)
A lead corner is a partially constructed corner of brick to guide the wall.
422
Mortar joint shapes
423
Working with brick in freezing temperatures
Bricks have to be warmed under 20 degrees. Frozen bricks have to be thawed and dried. Mortar can’t freeze. Consider heating the sand and water and also working in a heated tent.
424
Makeup air
Fueling a fireplace with air from outside
425
Ona fireplace, the damper is placed where?
8” from the top of the opening.
426
Fresh air intake on fireplaces
Provides at least 6 sq in of air and must be converted with corrosion resistant screen.
Must be within 24” of the firebox, closable, and not in a garage or basement.
427
Firebox
Must be made from solid stone, reinforced concrete, or hollow stone grouted solid. When lined with 2” of firebrick, the walls should be at least 8” thick. Use refractory cement
428
Hearth
The floor of the firebox, plus the fireproof area in front of the fireplace. There’s the front/finished hearth, and the back hearth (under the fire)
429
The back hearth must be how thick?
4” thick, minimum.
430
How thick does the front hearth have to be?
2” thick min. (Don’t have to resist prolonged heat, just sparks)
431
How big should the front hearth be?
If under 6 sq ft, 16” in front and 8” on both sides
If 6sq ft+, 20” in front and 12” on both sides. (Always check local codes)
432
What is the average lintel size for a fireplace?
1/4” thick angle iron with 3 1/2 wide legs.
433
No woodwork can be placed within ____ of a firebox opening.
6”
434
When is a chimney required?
A chimney is required for any fuel burning appliance. (Fireplace, wood stove, furnace)
435
Draft (chimneys)
The upward movement of air within a chimney that pulls air into an appliance.
436
With has a better draft? Interior or exterior chimneys (assuming same size)
Interior chimneys have a better draft
437
On a pitched roof, the flue lining should be at least:
2’ above any part of the roof within 10’ horizontal.
438
The top of the comet must be above any operable windows within a _____ radius
20’
439
Corbel
A course of brick that is offset to extend past the course below it.
440
How far can corbeling extend past the lower brick?
1/2 the height of the brick, or 1/3 the width of the mortar bed. You can’t change the chimney or flue within 6” of a floor, ceiling, or roof
441
Overlapping flashing
Aka cap flashing, Aka counter flashing.
Embed flashing 1 1/2” into mortar joint, then overlap a wide piece of base flashing on the roof.
442
Chimney saddle
Aka chimney cricket. A jump that diverts water around chimney. Required on chimneys >30” parallel to the ridgeline that don’t intersect the ridge.
443
Chimney flashing should be made out of what material?
Lead coated copper, galvanized steel, or Copper
444
Cut stringer stairway
Treads and risers are connected to notches in the stringers. 3 stringers are common, wider stairs have 4 stringers. Most common type of stairway.
445
Parts of a stairway
446
Balustrade
The entire system of balusters, handrails, and related support pieces.
447
Stairway width
36” between finished walls, Minimum
(42” is better)
448
Minimum clear width of stairwells
If 2 handrails, 25”
If 1 handrail, 31 1/2”
449
What is the preferred angle for stairs?
30-35 degrees
450
Basic layout of a stairway
451
Calculating total run of stairs
If the top of the stringer forms a full tread, there are as many treads as there are risers. Multiply # of treads by length of tread.
452
When to use a third stringer on stairs
When the treads are less than 1 1/8” thick or when the stakes are more than 2’-6” wide.
453
Crown/bed molding
454
Window casing using stool and apron
455
Brick molding
456
Casing and baseboards
Casing and baseboards are similar, but baseboards are bigger
457
Drip caps
458
Stools
459
Window stool position
460
Coping a joint
Coped joints always line up even if the corners aren’t perfect, and they’re less likely to shrink after installation.
461
Standard kitchen dimensions
462
Cabinet installation
Typically begins with a corner. Shim it into place. If the walls are uneven, you may have to remove some material.
463
Installing wall cabinets
Use #10 Roundhead screws that are long enough to go through the 3/4” back rail and wall and at least 1” into the studs. Minimum 4 screws per cabinet.
464
Bearing wall vs. non bearing wall metal studs (gauge)
465
Drain field
A network of perforated pipes embedded in sand and gravel for septic. Wells should always be located on the opposite/uphill side of the house (>100’ away)
466
Batts and blankets
Batt- any precut, thick insulation
Blankets- extra large batts
Batts are 15”, stud cavities are 14 1/2”. The difference is to ensure a snug fit.
467
Fiberglass
Usually comes with a paper making that acts as a vapor retarder.
Otherwise, use 4 mil plastic.
Alternatives include rock wool and cotton/wool (treated for mold, fire, and rodents)
468
Loose fill insulation
Commonly used in attics where pipes and wiring make batts difficult.
469
Tip: flying foam board to basement walls
470
Spray foam
Can expand by 100x, excess must be sliced flush and recycled.
It fills gaps better than other insulation.
471
Open cell vs. closed cell foam
Slow curing helps foam flow over obstructions before it sets.
Open cell allows moisture to pass after it cures, closed cell doesn’t.
472
Wet spray insulation
Made of cellulose/fiberglass. Once insulation drops below 19 percent(>24hrs), you can drywall it.
473
Vapor retarder examples
Asphalt laminated papers, aluminum foil, and plastic film.
474
What are vapor retarder values called
Perm values. The lower the better. .50 is adequate, but <.25 is ideal.
475
How do you handle vapor barriers at outlets and seams
A ribbon of sealing compound should be used.
476
Vapor barriers on the outside of houses
THERE SHOULD BE NO VAPOR BARRIER ON THE OUTSIDE OF A HOME. Sheathing paper should be waterproof, not vapor proof.
477
Where a ceiling is insulated, there should be at least ______ between the sheathing and insulation to encourage airflow
1 1/2”
478
Radiant heat gain
The outside starts heating the inside, forcing the AC to work harder. Radiant heat barriers are thin sheets with at least 1 reflective surface. (DON’T USE IN COLD CLIMATES)
479
Emissivity and reflectivity
Emissivity: radiation of heat (0-1)
Reflectivity: reflection of radiated heat (1-100)
Radiant heat needs high reflectivity (90+) and low emissivity (<.1)
480
Attaching radiant heat barriers
Can be applied under the rafters, or drooped over the rafters just before sheathing (at least 1” of airspace). Don’t spread over attic insulation.
481
Building envelope
482
Insulating ceilings
Use a vapor retarder on the back of the ceiling finish. When layering unfaced blankets, put layers perpendicular.
483
STC
Sound transmission class higher the number, the better the soundproofing. A 1 sq in hole can reduce STC by nearly half.
484
Drywall dimensions
4x8
Can also be 9’,10’,12’, and 14’ long
4’-6” widths also exists
Most commonly 1/2” thick, sometimes 3/8 or 1/4 for curves/coverings
485
Type X fire resistant drywall
5/8” thick, contains glass fibers.
This is required for the outer surface of walls by an attached garage. Type C is even more resistant. Sometimes drywall is layered for added resistance (commercial)
486
Moisture resistant drywall
‘Green board’. Comes in 1/2” and 5/8” fire code MR drywall is also available.
487
Can you use green board behind shower tile?
No. Green board is not suitable for tubs and showers (except ceiling), MUST USE CEMENT BACKER or GLASS-MAT GYPSUM.
488
Specialty drywall
Foil back drywall: layer of aluminum foil vapor barrier
Flexible drywall: typically double layered.
Sound resistant drywall
489
Type W drywall screws
Used for wood framing, must penetrate the stud at least 5/8”
490
Type S drywall screws
For steel studs. Must penetrate least 3/8”
491
J trim (drywall)
492
Nail and screw spacing for drywall
493
Ground (plaster)
A material permanently or temporarily attached to the plastering surface. Provides a straight edge to help gauge plaster thickness. Can be metal or wood.
494
3 coat plaster
3 coats of plaster over a metal lath. Usually >3/4” thick.
Can be applied in 2 or 3 coats over 3/8” gypsum, then the minimum thickness is 3/8”
495
Names of the coats of plaster
Scratch coat, brown/leveling coat, finish coat
496
Different types of plaster finishes
Sand-float finish, lime and sand are mixed to make the texture
Put finish doesn’t use sand, it’s smooth for gloss/enamel paints
497
Can you player in the cold
No. Plaster must be constantly heated if done below freezing. Wet plaster has to be protected for at least 24 hrs
498
Suspended ceiling
Panels held in place by a grid.
499
Acoustical ceiling
Panels are glued directly to the ceiling surface or staples to wood strips nailed to ceiling joists. Panels are 12”by 12”(sometimes 24”) tongue and groove, each groove gets 2 staples.
500
Mastic method
If the ceiling is flat, you can glue with mastic or construction adhesive near the corners, otherwise, staple and use shims.
501
How to sink nail heads into the wood
Use a nail set and hammer, then fill with exterior grade wood putty. Seal any knots before finishing.
502
For oil based paint, the outside temp has to stay below _____ for ____ hrs after painting
40 degrees; 24 hours
503
For latex paint, the temperature has to stay above be ____ for ____ hrs
50 degrees; 24 hrs
504
When using paintable water repellant wood preservatives prior to painting, temperatures should be __________
Above 70 degrees.
505
Blistering paint (siding)
The suns heat pulls out moisture.
To fix: stop source of moisture, scrape off old paint for 12” around the blister condition, sand till fresh and prime. Caulk all seams and holes, then paint.
506
What kind of paintbrush is used for “cutting in” corners?
A 5”-7” flagged bristle brush. (Flagged means splayed at the tips)
507
Painting a door diagram
508
Moisture in wood floors
Hardwood floors must acclimate. Store it in the building for at least at least 4 or 5 days before laying the floor.
509
Laying strip flooring
Line up the first courses (use string or chalk line, not the wall). Place a long piece of flooring 1/2” from side wall to allow contracting/expanding. Fill in gap with baseboard/molding
510
Sleeper (flooring)
A length of preservative treated lumber that supports wood flooring over concrete. Follow mfr spec.
511
Underlayment (vinyl flooring)
A thin panel that’s smoother than plywood/OSB. It covers flaws and fills gaps. It should be at least 1/4” thick and have a sanded face.
512
CCA treated lumber
Chromate Copper Arsenate. Discontinued in 2004 due to leaching into the soil. Commonly ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quaternary) is used.
513
Piers (decking)
Cylindrical concrete columns that serve as foundations. Should extend 6” below the frostline.
