Cartilage

Question 1

Types of adult connective tissue

Answer 1

Dense irregular, Dense regular and Loose irregular

Question 2

Connective tissue contains

Answer 2

Cells that secrete fibers and amorphous ground substance

Question 3

Chondroblasts

Answer 3

Cells in cartilage that are capable of division and produce matrix

Question 4

Chondrocytes

Answer 4

Cells in cartilage that do not divide and maintain matrix

Question 5

Chondroclasts

Answer 5

Cells in cartilage that are osteoclasts and break down calcified cartilage

Question 6

Fibroblasts

Answer 6

Type of cartilage cell Found on outer surface (perichondrium) of cartilage

Question 7

Cartilage lacks what and what must happen?

Answer 7

blood vessels (avascular) so nutrients must percolate (diffuse) through matrix into cell

Question 8

Interstitial Growth

Answer 8

in cartilage when condroblasts divide and secrete matrix between daughter cells

Question 9

Appositional Growth

Answer 9

in cartilage when there is cell growth along edges of pre-existing outer cartilage boundary

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

bone forming cells that form bone through organic matrix secretion-osteoid- and then mineralization
not embedded in matrix
form in groups to create osteocytes
go into areas left behind by osteoclasts

Question 11

Osteocytes

Answer 11

derived from osteoblasts, embedded in matrix

and can be stimulated by parathyroid hormone to break down matrix

Question 12

Canaliculi

Answer 12

micro channels in matrix that allow cellular processes to make contact with adjacent osteocytes and osteoblasts to allow coordinated activity via gap junctions

Question 13

Osteoclasts

Answer 13

multinucleated giant cells derived form fusion of monocytes/macrophages that breakdown matrix forming erosion lacunae around themselves - commonly in fetal bone where it is often being resorbed and remodeled
can dissolve bond and calcified cartilage
osteoblasts take up space they leave behind to create new bone or replace calcified cartilage with stronger bone

Question 14

Osteoid

Answer 14

matrix of bone with organic components- type 1 collagen fibers and ground substance (give tensile strength of bone)
and inorganic components- hydroxyapatite crystals that give compressive strength

Question 15

Lamellar bone

Answer 15

mature bone- most of adult skeleton

arranged in organized layers called lamellae

Question 16

Woven bone

Answer 16

immature bone that is always replaced by lamellar bone

will still have a physics

Question 17

Compact/ cortical bone

Answer 17

dense bone- can be woven, lamellar or mixed

Question 18

Cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone

Answer 18

spicules of bone (trabeculae) - that may be woven, lamellar or mixed

Question 19

Osteon

Answer 19

structural unit of mature bone formed by lamellae around central canal to form a tubular unit

Question 20

Central Canal

Answer 20

center of osteon, contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nonmyelinated nerve fibers

Question 21

Perforating canals

Answer 21

allow blood vessels in neighboring osteon central canals to communicate

Question 22

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 22

fragments of partially degraded osteon with no central canals
filler in-between osteons

Question 23

Inner circumferential lamellae

Answer 23

found on inner surface of the bone- arranged in circular pattern around marrow cavity of bone

Question 24

Outer circumferential lamellae

Answer 24

found on outer surface of bone, just deep to periosteum

Question 25

Endosteum

Answer 25

Inner connective tissue lining of bone that covers all inner surfaces- including all canals

Question 26

Periosteum

Answer 26

outer connective tissue of bone that runs along diaphysis, highly vascularized and innervated (causes pain) has outer fibrous layer made of dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts as predominant cell and inner cellular later with osteoprogenetor, osteoblast, and osteocyte cells

Question 27

Bony trabeculae

Answer 27

a spindle of bone found in spongy bone that is a lattice work of bone that provides strength without adding weight- important for birds

Question 28

Osteogenesis

Answer 28

bone formation: no matter where bone is formed it does it by transforming from existing connective tissue

Question 29

What lines the articular (outer) surface of bone

Answer 29

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 30

What is the growth plate (physis) made of

Answer 30

Hyaline cartilage

Question 31

Where and what is the epiphysis

Answer 31

between articular cartilage and growth plate. It is an expanded articular end of long bones that develop separately from diaphysis

Question 32

Where is metaphysis

Answer 32

under the articular cartilage, epiphysis, and growth plate (physi s) aka between epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 33

Dyaphysis

Answer 33

the shaft of long bones containing cortical (compact) bone and bone marrow

Question 34

Regularly arranged collagen or elastic fibers are only found in what?

Answer 34

Tendons or ligaments

Question 35

Endosteum

Answer 35

lines all inner surfaces of bone- trabecular and cortical bone on marrow side inside periosteum

Question 36

Megakaryocytes

Answer 36

look like osteoclasts but form platelets and are found in marrow cavity and are more uniformly rounded and multilobulated nucleus

Question 37

What is it called when osteoid becomes mineralized

Answer 37

bone

Question 38

What is rouleaux formation?

Answer 38

stacked RBCs

Question 39

What is crenation?

Answer 39

Shrunked RBC with spikes because of a high osmolarity of environment- water coming 9ut of cell

Question 40

What is anisocytosis?

Answer 40

Variation in the size of blood cells from normal

Question 41

What is hemolysis?

Answer 41

blood cell "ghosts" due to hypotonicity- cell uptakes too much water because environment has high water content and bursts

Question 42

What is poikilocytosis?

Answer 42

variation in shape in blood cells

Question 43

What are the ways to describe changes in color of blood cells

Answer 43

normochromatic- normal hyperchromatic- excess hemoglobin hypochromatic- decreased amount of hemoglobin

Question 44

What is a reticulocyte?

Answer 44

A immature form of RBC that contains remnants of ribosomal material

Question 45

What are leukocytes?

Answer 45

White Blood cells