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Laura’s Histology > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What category of tissues does cartilage and bone fall under

A

Connective tissue
Skeletal connective tissues
Cartilage and bone are both modified rigid forms of connective tissue

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Storage of mineral and lipids like phosphate and calcium ions
Blood cell production in the red bone marrow
Protection

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3
Q

Types of bone cells

A

Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblast

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4
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from what family?

A

Phagocytes

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5
Q

Classify the skeletal connective tissues

A

Bones (axial and appendicular)
Cartilage ( hyaline Fibrocartilage elastic)

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6
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and bone

A

Cartilage is flexible and semi rigid, can withstand compressions forces and also bend slightly
while bone is rigid, because ECM is calcified

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7
Q

Components of all cartilage

A

Cells (chondroblasts , Chondrocytes )
ECM (fibres and ground substance)

Fibres include collagen and elastin
Ground substance is called chondroitin sulphate also called aggrecan

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8
Q

Why can’t cartilage become thick

A

Avascular

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the ECM of cartilage

A

Firm glassy solid gel

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10
Q

What are the differences between ECM in cartilage vs connective tissue proper?

A

In cartilage, firm solid glassy gel
In connective tissue, water, jelly-like

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11
Q

Location of Chondrocytes

A

Lacunae

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12
Q

What is the name of the dense irregular connective tissue surround the cartilage

A

Perichondrium

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13
Q

Function of Perichondrium

A

Mechanical support and protection
Attached the cartilage to other structures

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14
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is the other type of cartilage that falls under hyaline cartilage and where is it found.

A

Articular cartilage found at joints, doesn’t have Perichondrium

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16
Q

What fibre is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type 2 collagen

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage

A

No Perichondrium
Strongest durable tough
Dense irregular Collagen fibres
Chondrocytes arranged in rows

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18
Q

What are the characteristic of elastic cartilage

A

Elastic fibres
Flexible
ECM Similar to hyaline
Found at the ear/ epiglottis
Using van gieson stain, can see a lot of black elastic fibres

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19
Q

2 ways in which cartilage grow

A

Interstitial and appositional

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20
Q

What is cartilage for?

A
  • to form the supporting framework of some organs, such as the walls of airways (nose, trachea, larynx and bronchi), where it prevents airway collapse.
  • to form the articulating surfaces of bones, and
  • to form the template for the growth and development of long bones, and most of the rest of the fetal skeleton (gradually replaced by bone).
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21
Q

chondrocytes grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the existing cartilage. This mainly happens during childhood

A

Interstitial growth of cartilage

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22
Q

new surface layers of matrix are added to the pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium.

A

Appositional growth of the cartilage

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23
Q

Histological components of bone

A

ECM (ground substance and fibres)
Cells

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24
Q

What’s the ground substance of bone

A

Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid

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25
What is the fibre in bone
Type 1 collagen
26
What is Osteoid
Unmineralised organic component of ECM Before the ECM is calcified, it’s Osteoid
27
What is most abundant component of bone
Hydroxyapatite (70%)
28
What cells are present in bone
Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoprogenitor
29
What is the formula for hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
30
How do collagen fibres and hydroxyapatite interact
Collagen offers flexibility while hydroxyapatite is brittle. Collagen lays the framework for hydroxyapatite crystals to settle in Calcification occurs only in presence of collagen fibres - salts crystallize in the spaces between the fibres, then accumulate around them.
31
Bones are organs. What else is part of bone
Bone tissue Periosteum which is Connective tissue Adipose tissue Blood vessels Nervous tissue Articular cartilage
32
What are the types of bone
Primary bone is woven bone Replaced by lamellae bone Two types of mature bone (compact/cortical and spongy/trabecular)
33
Which type of bone is more abundant. Cortical or trabecular?
Cortical (80%) and spongy (20%)
34
Where is epiphysis in bone
There is the proximal and distal epiphysis, regions at the two ends of the bone
35
What region is the diaphysis
The middle portion
36
What is the function of osteoblast
Synthesizes and secretes Osteoid
37
What is osteoclasts and what is it’s function
Resorts bone , derived from macrophage lineage. They are the only ones NOT derived from Osteoprogenitor stem cells
38
How do osteoclasts work
Monocytes in bloodstream collect at the site of resorption. They fuse to form Multinucleated osteoclasts that stick to the surface of the bone and resort .
39
What is the dense fibrous layer outside of bone
Periosteum. It is not found in the regions of bone covered by articulated cartilage
40
Endochondral
Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model (hyaline) or scaffold
41
Intramembranous
Formation of bone directly onto fibrous connective tissue, no cartilage stage
42
Describe the process of bone remodelling
Bone remodelling is required for growth . When there is mechanical stress, the bones release calcium. There is also hormone control of bones (PTH and calcitonin)
43
How is periodontitis a disorder of bone and cartilage?
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder. When osteoclasts > osteoblasts, increased osteoclastogeneisis. Destruction of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament leading to tooth loss
44
Osteomalacia
Osteoid doesn’t mineralise enough, bone isn’t rigid. so the bone is weak. Hydroxyapatite most affected.
45
What’s rickets
Osteomalacia
46
What is the special characteristic of cancellous bone
Cancellous another name for trabecular bone Trabecular bone does NOT have osteons
47
Describe the structure of spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
No osteons Contains lamellar bone ie bone is arranged in layers Spaces between trabeculae occupied by marrow Lined externally by endosteum
48
Describe the structure of cortical/compact bone
49
What is a characteristic of osteoclasts
Multinucleated
50
Where are Osteogenic cells found
Periosteum or Endosteum
51
Location of osteocytes
Within lacunae Only one osteocytes in each lacunae
52
Narrow passageway between osteocytes for cell cell communication
Canaliculi
53
Function of osteocytes
1. Maintain the protein and mineral content of matrix by dissolving the matrix and rebuilding it with new hydroxyapatite crystals 2. Repair of damage bone. When released from lacunae, osteocytes can convert to a less specialised type of cell
54
Compact bone contains parallel osteons and spongy bone contains trabeculae
55
Axial bones
Head and thorso so spine, rib cage, skull
56
Appendicular bones
Appendages /limbs Pelvis Shoulders Arms and legs
57
Medullary cavity
In the middle of disphysis
58
What is the organic and inorganic component of bone
Organic - Osteoid (ground substance and collagen fibres) Inorganic - hydroxyapatite (crystals of calcium phosphate)
59
Describe the structure of an osteon
Osteon is also known as haversian system Middle of osteon there is a central canal Concentric lamellae
60
Where is circumferential lamellae located
Runs along the periosteum
61
Interstitial lamellae location
In between osteons
62
What is interstitial lamellae
As a result of the continuous resorption and redeposition of bone, complete newly formed Haversian systems are disposed between partly resorbed systems formed earlier. The remnants of lamellae no longer surrounding Haversian canals form irregular interstitial systems between intact Haversian systems.
63
Function of Volkmann’s canal
Connect The Central canal with the periosteum so that the bone tissue has blood supply Also connects central canals to each other
64
What is the structure of trabeculae
Endosteum outside Parallel lamella No osteon Osteocytes in lacunae with Canaliculi extending out
65
Appositional vs interstitial growth
Appositional growth occurs when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces and this causes the cartilage to expand and widen. In interstitial growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

Laura’s Histology (12 decks)

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