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cartilage and bone Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

large amounts of ECM
cells are not attached to each other

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2
Q

what is ECM made of

A

fibrous proteins and ground substance (composed of proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins)

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3
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

solid, firm, pliable
lots of ECM
no blood vessels or nerves
rapid growth

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4
Q

types of cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes, chondroblasts

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5
Q

where are chondrocytes found

A

lacunae

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6
Q

where are chondroblasts found

A

in perichondrium

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7
Q

what is the function of chondrocytes

A

maintain and produce ECM

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8
Q

chondrocyte appearance

A

lots of rough ER
large golgi
multiple mitochondria

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9
Q

what is in the cartilage ECM

A

cartilage specific type 2 collagens
proteoglycan aggregates
water

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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11
Q

what fiber does hyaline cartilage have

A

type 2 collagen

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12
Q

what fiber does elastic cartilage have

A

elastic fiber

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13
Q

what type of fiber does fibrocartilage have

A

both type 1 and type 2 collagen

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14
Q

what are some characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

-on articular surfaces of bone (help with cushioning)
-found in resp such as larynx trachea bronchi for structural support
-found in fetal skeletal tissue to help in development
-found in epiphyseal plates for bone growth

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15
Q

what are characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

-dense network of branching and anastomosing fibers

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16
Q

what are some characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

made up of chondrocytes and matrix and dense connective tissue
collagen 1 and 2

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17
Q

where is fibrocartilage located

A

intervertebral discs, menisci of stifle, symphysis pubis

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18
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

-found in pinna of ear, epiglottis, external acoustic meatus

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19
Q

types of cartilage growth

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

what is appositional growth

A

new cartilage is formed at the surface of an existing cartilage

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21
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

the chondrocytes divide within the lacunae and the newly divided chondrocytes are in isogenous groups

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22
Q

what is appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in the inner layer of the perichondrium deposit new cartilage

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23
Q

outer surface of bone is covered with….

A

periosteum

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24
Q

inner surfaces of bone is covered with—

A

endosteum

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25
what is the internal bone structure?
cortex= compact/dense bone spongy bone- sponge like network called trabeculae
26
bone tissue contains a _______ matrix
mineralized
27
bone matrix consists of ____-
collagen type 1 fibrils
28
osteoblast function
secrete bone matrix and initiate mineralization
29
osteocytes are _____
mature bone cells encased in the bone matrix
30
osteocyte lacunae is within a network of______
canaliculi
31
what are functions of osteocytes
regulate movement of ca and P in and out of bone
32
what are bone lining cells derived from
osteoblasts
33
what do bone lining cells/inactive osteoblasts do?
cover bone that is not remodeling
34
what are osteoclasts do?
bone resorption
35
major classes of molecules in hyaline cartilage
collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins
36
hyaline cartilage is surrounded by _____ which is what type of connective tissue
perichondrium which is dense irregular
37
perichondrium serves as a source of _______
new cartilage cells
38
what is the process of cartilage development called
chondrogenesis
39
chondrogenesis process
1. aggregation of chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells form chondrogenic nodule 2. mesenchymal tissue surrounding nodule gives rise to perichondrium 3. chondroprogenitor cells differentiate to chondroblasts 4. chondroblasts secrete matrix 5. once matrix completely surrounds chondroblasts, it becomes chondrocyte
40
which bone cell is not of mesenchymal origin
osteoclasts
41
development stages to osteocytes
mesenchymal stem cells --> osteoprogenitor cells --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes/bone lining cells
42
osteoclasts are derived from
hemopoietic progenitor cells
43
function of osteoclast
resorb bone
44
osteoblast function
secrete bone matrix or osteoid also responsible for calcification of bone matrix
45
histologically, newly deposited matrix is not immediate calcified so it stains
lightly
46
histologically, actively secreting osteoblasts are:
basophilic cytoplasm with a clear golgi apparatus
47
osteocytes have long cytoplasmic processes that are enclosed by_____
canaliculi
48
osteocytes communicate with each other and _____ via ________
osteoblasts cytoplasmic process gap junctions
49
bone lining cells are derived from
osteoblasts
50
external surface bone lining cells
periosteal cells
51
internal surface bone lining cells
endosteal cells
52
bone lining cell function
maintenance and nutrional support of osteocytes and regulate Ca dn P movement
53
what is the shallow depression formed by osteoclasts as it degrades the bone matrix called?
resorption bay
54
inside of bone contains sponge like mesh of anastomosing spicules of bone called
trabeculae
55
types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
56
shaft of long bones
diaphysis
57
expanded ends of long bones
epiphysis
58
flared portion between diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
59
what is the large medullary cavity filled with
marrow
60
outer surface of bone is covered by _____ which is what type of tissue
periosteum dense fibrous CT containing osteoprogenitor cells
61
red bone marrow consists of
blood cells in diff stages of development
62
yellow marrow consists of ____ and found mainly in_____
fat adults
63
mature bone is composed of
osteons
64
osteons consist of ____ which surrounds ______
concentric lamellae surrounding osteonal (haversian) canal
65
how is blood supplied to the bone
nutrient arteries pass through compact bone via nutrient foramina
66
most of the compact bone receives blood supply
from small branches of periosteal arteries that penetrate via perforating canals which also have veins and nerves
67
types of joints
synovial fibrous cartilaginous
68
synovial joints allow what movement
excessive
69
how are articulating bones of synovial joints united
by a joint capsule that encloses a joint cavity
70
what is the joint capsule composed of
outer fibrous layer which is lined by synovial membrane (synovium)
71
what is in the joint cavity
synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane
72
articulating surfaces of bone is covered by
hyaline cartilage
73
is articular cartilage covered by perichondrium
no
74
articular cartilage has how many zones and what are they
4 zones superficial zone intermediate zone deep zone calcified zone
75
superficial zone has
chondrocytes surrounded by type 2 collagen fibrils
76
intermediate zone has
chondrocytes randomly distributed in matrix collagen fibrils are less organized
77
deep zone has
chondrocytes in short columns perpendicular to the surface of cartilage
78
calcified zone
calcified with small round chondrocytes
79
tidemark
line of separation between calcified zone and deep zone
80
what happens above the tidemark
proliferation of chondrocytes within lacunae to make new cells for interstitial growth
81
articular cartilage receives nourishment from
synovial fluid and underlying bone
82
how are articulating bones held together in fibrous joints
fibrous tissue
83
example of fibrous joint
sutures of cranium
84
what are the articulating structures of primary cartilaginous joints held by
hyaline cartilage

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