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Microscopic Anatomy > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of cartilage by volume does the extracellular matrix represent

A

95%

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2
Q

how does cartilage maintain its viability, despite the fact that it is an avascular tissue

A

viability of the tissue is maintained by diffusion of substances between the blood vessels of surrounding tissues and the chondrocytes dispersed in the intracellular matrix

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3
Q

what are the three main types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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4
Q

what is the main type of collagen present in hyaline cartilage

A

type 2

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5
Q

what are the main 3 functions of hyaline cartilage

A

provides a low-friction surface
participates in lubricating synovial joints
provides distribution of applied forces to the underlying bone

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6
Q

what are the three major classes of molecules that compose hyaline cartilage

A

collagen molecules (2, 6, 9, 10, and 11)
proteoglycans (ground substance)
multiadhesive glycoproteins

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7
Q

what is the name of the process of bone formation in fetal development

A

endochondral ossification

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8
Q

what adult bone has remnants of residual cartilage

A

articular (joints)
costal (ribs)
skeletal (trachea, nose, etc.)

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9
Q

what is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage that provides a source of new cartilage cells and contains blood, nerves, lymphatics, collagen fibers, and fibroblasts

A

perichondrium

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10
Q

what type of cartilage is known to calcify with age

A

hyaline

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11
Q

what are the 4 common sites for elastic cartilage to be found

A

external ear
walls of the external acoustic meatus
eustachian tube
epiglottis

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12
Q

what are the 6 common sites to find fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
menisci of the knee joint
triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist
certain places where tendons attach to bones

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13
Q

what is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix

A

chondrogenesis

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14
Q

what are the two types of cartilage growth

A

appositional
interstitial

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15
Q

what type of cartilage growth is the result of chondroblast differentiation in the perichondrium, which adds to the exsisting layers of cartilage

A

appositional growth

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16
Q

what type of cartilage growth is the result of the proliferation and hypertrophy of exsisting cartilage

A

interstitial growth

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17
Q

what four factors limit the ability for cartilage to repair itself

A

immobilizaiton of chondrocytes
chondrocytes have less ability to proliferate than other cells
cartilage is avascular
hyaline cartilage calcifies and is replaced by bone

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18
Q

what type of chondral cell is thought to be responsible for removal of cartilage

A

chondroclasts

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19
Q

what are the two most prominent minerals present in bone

A

calcium and phosphate

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20
Q

what is the major structural component of bone matrix

A

collagen type 1

21
Q

what are the five major noncollagenous protein groups found in bone

A

proteoglycan macromolecules
multiadhesive glycoproteins
bone-specific, vitamin K-dependent proteins
growth factors
cytokines

22
Q

what two structures make up the bone matrix

A

lacunae and canaliculi

23
Q

what are the four cell types found in bone

A

osteocyte
osteoprogenitor cells
periosteal (bone-lining) cells
osteoclasts

24
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are derived from what type of stem cell

A

mesenchymal stem cells

25
Q

what is the name of the primary mature bone cell

A

osteocyte

26
Q

what multi-nucleated bone cell resorbs bone and is present on the bone surface when bone is being removed or remodeled, or when bone has been damaged

A

osteoclasts

27
Q

a bone that forms a freely movable joint, surfaced by hyaline cartilage is called what

A

a synovial joint

28
Q

what are the two major classes of bone tissue

A

compact (dense) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone

29
Q

what are the four main classifications of bone by shape

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

30
Q

what is the shaft of the bone called

A

diaphysis

31
Q

what are the ends of the long bones called

A

epiphysis

32
Q

what is the flared portion of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis called

A

metaphysis

33
Q

what is the name for the bone growth plate in children

A

epiphyseal plate

34
Q

what is the layer of connective tisue that contains osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and bone-lining cells

A

endosteum

35
Q

what type of bone marrow consists of blood cells in different stages of development

A

red bone marrow

36
Q

what type of bone marrow consists of primarily fat cells

A

yellow matter

37
Q

what is the name of the channels in lamellar bone containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Volkmann’s canals

38
Q

what is the name for the cylindrical units of bone

A

haversian systems (osteons)

39
Q

what is the name for openings in bone that pass through to the bone marrow

A

nutrient foramina

40
Q

what are the four main differences between immature and mature bone

A

immature bone does not display organized lamellated appearance
immature bone has more cells per unit area that mature bone
immature bone cells are randomly arranged
immature bone has less ground substance

41
Q

what are the two broad categories of bone formation

A

endochondral and intramembranous ossification

42
Q

the presence of what substance is necessary for the growth of long bones and maintaining the growth process

A

epiphyseal cartilage

43
Q

what bone cell controls bone minerilzaiton

A

osteoblasts

44
Q

what hormone acts on the bone to increase low blood calcium levels to normal

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

45
Q

what substance acts on the bone to decrease elevated blood calcium levels to normal

A

calcitonin

46
Q

what type of bone repair results from immobilization of a bone fractures that are treated with nonrigid or semirigid bone fixation

A

indirect (secondary)

47
Q

what type of bone repair typically results from surgical intervention and stabilization of a fracture

A

direct (primary)

48
Q

what are the four stages of bone healing from a fracture

A

formation of blood clot
soft callus
hard callus
bone remodeling

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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