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Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What does cartilage consist of

A

Ground substance
-Chondroitin (leads to more firm ECM)
-sulphates

Fibres
-Collagen
-Elastin

Cells
-Chrondroblasts (secrete)
-Chondrocytes (maintain)

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2
Q

Additional feature of cartilage

A

Avascular - no blood vessels present, therefore heal very poorly and all exchange of nutrients and waste occur by diffusion

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3
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage
-abundant ground substance lubricates joints
-contains collagen fibres (stain easily)
-connects ribs to sternum
-contains articular cartilages, (lines bones where we form joints)

Made up of:
Perichondrium
Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts (inner layer of perichondrium)
Articular cartilage

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4
Q

Formation of chondrocytes

A

once chondroblasts become embedded in matrix they cease synthesis and become chondrocytes (mature form of chondroblasts)
chondrocytes are found in the lacunae

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5
Q

What are the properties of elastic cartilage

A

-Highly flexible
-Avascular
-provide support and resistance to compression
-similar to hyaline cartilage
-contains collagen fibres particularly in perichondrium
-elastin fibres (show up as black) are conc around lacunae

Found in the outer ear/epiglottis not very common

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6
Q

what is the most durable cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage
-little ground substance
-dominated by collagen fibres
-chondrocytes arranged in rows

Form pads between spinal vertebrae

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7
Q

2 parts of the skeleton

A

Appendicular - provide attachment sites for muscle, facilitate movement

Axial - head, vertebrae and ribs, protect organs

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8
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

dense fibrous connective tissue, surrounds hyaline cartilage, attaches cartilage to various other tissues. has an inner cellular layer involved in growth and maintenance of cartilage. Not present in articular cartilage.

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9
Q

Which component of cartilage is responsible for conferring significant compression strength

A

Chondroitin sulphate

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10
Q

What do the ground substance of bone and cartilage have in common

A

Chondroitin sulphate

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11
Q

what type of collagen is most abundant in bone

A

Type 1

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12
Q

Collagen and ground substance form what un-mineralised component of ECM in bone

A

Osteoid (28%)

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13
Q

What makes up 2% of bone

A

Cells
-osteoblasts (synthesise and secrete osteoid/ECM)
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts
-osteogenic

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14
Q

Deposition of hydroxyapatite leads to what

A

osteoid is mineralised

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15
Q

What gives bone its strength

A

Hydroxyapatite and collagen together

-by itself hydroxyapatite is very brittle but with collagen fibres as a framework for the crystals producing a hard but flexible tissue

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16
Q

Are bones organs

A

Yes

17
Q

Bones consist of tissue and….

A

CT proper (periosteum)
Adipose tissue (fatty marrow)
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue
Articular cartilage (lines external surface)

18
Q

How many conformations of bone exist

A

2 - compact (cortical) bone
- spongy (trabecular) bone

19
Q

What are the names of the cells found in bone tissue

A

All of same lineage but at different maturities except osteoclasts:

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor
-bone cell precursor
-gives rise to osteoblasts

Osteoblast
-synthesise and secretes bone tissue (osteoid)
-gives rise to osteocytes, once they become encased

Osteocyte
-maintains mineralised bone tissue

Osteoclast
-resorbs bone
-derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage

20
Q

where are osteogenic cells found

A

inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum

21
Q

What are lamellae

A

layers of bone tissue

22
Q

what is an osteon

A

functional units of compact bone, each unit of concentric lamellae

23
Q

where are the central canals and what purpose do they serve

A

in the centre of an osteon, run longitudinally through entire length of bone containing network of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

24
Q

what provides the bone tissue with nutrients

A

perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

25
Q

where are the circumferential lamellae

A

They run around entire circumference directly beneath periosteum

26
Q

What lies in between each osteon

A

remnants of old osteons, interstitial lamellae

27
Q

Osteons are constantly being reformed, how

A

osteoclasts migrate into weakened areas of bone tissue and resorb and recycle a large channel into bone tissue forming new blood vessels and bone tissue to form a new osteon potentially replacing multiple older, weaker ones which in turn become interstitial lamellae.

28
Q

what are canaliculi

A

branches off an osteocyte lacuna allowing osteocytes to reach out and remain in direct contact with each other to communicate and receive nutrients instead of relying on diffusion which isn’t possible due to presence of hydroxyapatite

29
Q

structure of spongy Bone

A

-Contains lamellar bone (bone arranged in layers)
-no osteons
-spaces between trabeculae occupied by red and yellow marrow, nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics
-lined externally by endosteum

30
Q

Another word for bone formation

A

Osteoblastogenesis

31
Q

Influences on bone remodelling

A

Growth
Mechanical stresses
Hormonal - calcium homeostasis
Immunological
A lack of vitamin D can also affect bone remodeling as it prevents the uptake of calcium

32
Q

What is periodontitis

A

A destructive inflammatory disease characterised by loss of periodontal attachment in the alveolar bone leading to gingival recession (desrtuction of host tissues due to an increase in osteoclastogenes (bone resorption))

Bone resorption is out of balance with bone formation

33
Q

Types of arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
outer covering of joint first affected by swelling. Inflammation can change joint shape. significantly less bone volume than in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis
decreases mobility around the joint, severe loss of cartilage leads to bone on bone which can alter the shape of the joint, tendons and ligaments working much harder.

34
Q

Osteomalacia (rickets in children) can be associated with what dental abnormalities

A

Enamel hypoplasia - not enough enamel (no strength)
Delayed tooth eruption

Caused by the failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately and therefore bones are weakened and prone to fracture

34
Q

What percentage (approx) of hydroxyapatite makes up the enamel

A

95% making it the hardest substance in the body

35
Q

What physiological process drives osteoclastogenesis in conditions such as periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation

Histology (9 decks)

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