Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

Describe cartilage

Answer 1

flexible, avascular connective tissues that provide support and resistance to compression

Question 2

what are the 3 different types of cartilage?

Answer 2

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 3

Apart from bone tissues what do bones also consist of?

Answer 3

CT proper, adipose tissue, blood vessels, nervous tissue, cartilage

Question 4

What are the two different bone conformations?

Answer 4

Compact (cortical) bone and spongy (trabecular) bone

Question 5

What is the ground substance of bone?

Answer 5

Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid

Question 6

What are the fibres of bone?

Answer 6

type 1 collagne

Question 7

What are the bone cells?

Answer 7

osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

Question 8

what makes up the osteoid?

Answer 8

ground substance ans fibres

Question 9

what is the osteoid?

Answer 9

un-mineralised organic component of ECM

Question 10

what does the osteoid make up?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

what is hydroxyapatite?

Answer 11

mineralised crystals of calcium and phosphate

Question 12

what is an osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cell and what does it do

Answer 12

bone cell precursor, gives rise to osteoblasts

Question 13

what is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 13

synthesises and secretes bone tissue and gives rise to osteocytes

Question 14

what do osteocytes do?

Answer 14

maintains mineralised bone tissue

Question 15

what do osteoclasts do?

Answer 15

resorbs bone, derives from monocyte/macrophage lineage

Question 16

what is an osteon?

Answer 16

the biggest circle and all structures within the circle

Question 17

what is lamellae?

Answer 17

the layers of bone tissue

Question 18

what does concentric lamellae mean?

Answer 18

that the lamellae is circular

Question 19

what is the central canal?

Answer 19

the hollow cylindrical canal that is in the middle of the osteon

Question 20

what is contained in the central canal?

Answer 20

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

Question 21

what is the perforating canal?

Answer 21

at the base of individual osteons allowing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to travel across bone linking up with the other central canals

Question 22

what is circumferential lamellae?

Answer 22

the lamellae on the outer circumference of the bone, its not as circular and is more linear

Question 23

what is interstitial lamellae?

Answer 23

the space between the osteons

Question 24

where are osteocytes in lacunae?

Answer 24

on the concentric lamellae

Question 25

what are canaliculi?

Answer 25

microscopic canals between lacunae of bone

Question 26

what are lacunae?

Answer 26

small cavity within the bone matrix which contains an osteocyte

Question 27

what is the histological structure of spongy bone?

Answer 27

contains lamellar bone, no osteons, spaces between trabeculae occupied by red and yellow marrow, nerves and lymphatics

Question 28

what is spongy bone lined with?

Answer 28

endosteum

Question 29

what occurs in healthy bone?

Answer 29

bone formation happens at the same time as bone resorption

Question 30

what occurs in bone remodelling?

Answer 30

growth, mechanical stresses, external factors

Question 31

what external factors influence bone remodelling?

Answer 31

hormonal (calcium homeostasis) and immunological

Question 32

what activity are some diseases characterised by?

Answer 32

osteoclastogenic activity

Question 33

what causes osteomalacia?

Answer 33

failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately. dietary deficiencies including lack of calcium and/or phosphate and lack of vitamin D

Question 34

what are the consequences of osteomalacia?

Answer 34

bones are weak and prone to fracture

Question 35

what dental abnormalities are associated with osteomalacia?

Answer 35

enamel hypoplasia and delayed tooth eruption

Question 36

what is periodontitis?

Answer 36

destructive inflammatory disease

Question 37

what causes periodontitis

Answer 37

immune response to oral bacteria leads to destruction of host tissues, uncoupling of bone remodelling and increases osteoclastogenesis

Question 38

what does periodontitis cause?

Answer 38

destruction of alveolar bone and subsequent tooth loss