Cartilage & Bone

Question 1

Chondrocytes never []

Answer 1

Differentiate

Question 2

How is CT proper different from Cartilage?

Answer 2

Cartilage has a semirigid quality that allows it to bear weight.

Question 3

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

Answer 3

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

Question 4

[] is the most common type of cartilage

It has a [] appearance in its matrix…

Answer 4

Hyaline

Glassy

Question 5

Fibrocartilage:

• Transitional form between [] [] CT and [] cartilage

Answer 5

• Dense Fibrous and Hyaline

Question 6

Connective Tissue is specialized for [] and []

Answer 6

Support and Protection

Question 7

[] Cartilage is distinguished by its flexibility

Answer 7

Elastic

Question 8

Like [] Tissue, Cartilage is derived from [] during development…

Answer 8

Connective Tissue

Mesenchyme

Question 9

T/F

Cartilage is avascular, and rigid.

Answer 9

FALSE

Cartilage is Avascular, but it is semirigid

Question 10

Cartilage:

• Consisting of [] and matrix material
• [], pliable
• Provides joint [] between bones

Answer 10

1. chondrocyte
2. Semirigid
3. articulation

Question 11

Where can you expect ot find fibrocartilage?

Answer 11

Vertebral Disc

Ear

Question 12

Hyaline Cartilage:

1. Produced by []
2. Surrounded by []
3. Most [] of all cartilage types
4. Most commonly found in [] , [], and []

Answer 12

1. Chondrocyte
2. Perichondrium
3. Common
4. Synovial Joint, Rib Cage, Trachea

Question 13

Hyaline chondrocytes are normally found within [] in the interceullular matrix?

Chrondocytes have a prominent [] and are active in proteins synthesis: with a well developed [] and []

Answer 13

Lacunae

Nucleolus; Golgi, rER

Question 14

The cytoplasm of an active chondrocyte is [], for staining purposes.

Answer 14

basophilic

Question 15

What are the main components of Hyaline Cartilage ground substance?

Answer 15

Proteoglycans

Multi Adhesive glycoproteins

Question 16

What is the composition of Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 16

70% water

15% Type II Collagen

15% Gound Substance

Question 17

Why is Hyaline cartilage mostly made of water?

Answer 17

Because its ground substance is made from the highly negative - proteoglycans - this causes water to hang out….

Question 18

What type of Collagen is found in Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 18

Type II

Question 19

1. What type of connective tissue makes up the Perichondrium?
2. What are the 2 layers of this?

Answer 19

1. Dense Irregular CT
2. Inner Cellular Layer
3. Outer FIbrous Layer
   
   1. Type I Collagen

Question 20

What layer of the perichondrium is responsible for cartilage growth?

Answer 20

Inner Cellular Layer

Question 21

In what 2 ways does cartilage grow?

Answer 21

1. Appositional Growth (external)
2. Interstitial Growth (Internal)

Question 22

1. Cartilage grows on its surface through [] type growth
   
   1. This is [], and active in []
2. It involves [] differentiating into chondroblasts and then chondroblasts into []…

Answer 22

1. appositional Growth
   
   1. Fast, embryos
2. Fibroblasts, chondrocytes

Question 23

Interstitial Growth:

1. Allows growth [] cartilage
2. Chondrocyte division leads to []

Answer 23

1. Within
2. isogenous groups

Question 24

Perichondrium surrounds all hyaline cartilage except for [] [] in joints

Answer 24

Articular Cartilage

Question 25

Chrondrocytes are more abundant in Hyaline or Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 25

Elastic has more Chondrocytes

Question 26

T/F Unlike Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium?

Answer 26

FALSE While it is true that elastic cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium....so is Hyaline Cartilage!

Question 27

[] are characterized by small islets of hyaline cartilage blending with parallel bundles of Type 1 Collagen

Answer 27

Fibrocartilage

Question 28

T/F Like Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage contains many chondrocytes and no perichondrium.

Answer 28

FALSE * Hyaline has chondrocytes and perichondrium * Fibrocartilage **does not** have perichondrium

Question 29

Where would you expect to find Fibrocartilage?

Answer 29

Intervertebrate discs Pubic Symphysis Tendon Insertions

Question 30

Where is the metabolix exchange in cartilage tissues?

Answer 30

* mediated by diffusion between chondrocytes and vessels in the perichondrium

Question 31

T/F Cartilage is not good at regeneration becuase it has a low proliferation rate?

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

What happens to cartilage as we age?

Answer 32

Hyaline cartilage is turned in Calcium Crystals which then turns into bone!

Question 33

In bones cells [] are located in lacunae, and the [] is a fibrous covering existing at the bones surface...

Answer 33

osteocytes periosteum

Question 34

Bone Tissue Composition: 1. 35% dry weight - [] material 1. Mostly Type [] Collagen 2. Ground substance: [] and keratin [], [] 2. 65% dry weight - [] material 1. Primarily [] []

Answer 34

1. Organic 1. Type I 2. Chondroitin, keratin sulfates, glycoproteins 2. Inorganic 1. Calcium Phosphates

Question 35

Looking at bone, what are the 2 structural "areas?"

Answer 35

Compact Bone Spongy Bone

Question 36

If you looking at a slide of compact bone - what are the general "layers" you'll see going from external to internal?

Answer 36

* Periosteum * Outer Circumferential Lamellae * Interstitial Lammellae/Haversian Canals and such * Inner Circumferential Lamellae * Endosteum

Question 37

A ddeficiency in Vitamin D would result in what type of bone issues?

Answer 37

* Less Ca2+ --\> Less calcium/phosphates in bone * Less Ca2+/P- = less rigid bones and bone deformities...like rickets

Question 38

What are the 2 layers of the Periosteum?

Answer 38

Outer FIbrous Layer Inner Cellular Layer

Question 39

T/F Unlike the periosteum, the endosteum only has 1-2 layers of cells.

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

Spongy bone is lacking a [] and is lined by endosteum

Answer 40

Periosteum

Question 41

What type of cells do osteoclast originate from?

Answer 41

Macrophages

Question 42

What type of cells do Osteoblasts and Osteocysts originate from?

Answer 42

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 43

What cell types have characteristics like: a flattened nuclei, differntiates into an osteoblast, found in the bone lining layers?

Answer 43

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Question 44

Osteoblasts: 1. [] or [] shaped, bone forming cells 2. Lines the surface on [] bone 3. Secretes [] matrix

Answer 44

1. cuboidal or Polygonal 2. growing 3. Bone

Question 45

Parathyroid hormone, BMP, and Prostaglandin E are thought to stimulate the activity of [] cells

Answer 45

Osteoblast

Question 46

T/F Osteocytes can divide but chondrocytes cannot?

Answer 46

FALST Oseocytes CANNOT divide, but chondrocytes CAN

Question 48

1. T/F: Osteocytes are directly involved in maintaining homeostasis? 2. How is this achieved?

Answer 48

1. False - **Osteoclasts** are believed to be involved in homeostasis. 2. Parathyroid hormones increases activity of Osteoclasts - in response to low Ca2+ levels throughout the body

Question 49

The resorption bay of an Osteoclast can also be called a....

Answer 49

"Howship's" Canal

Question 50

T/F Osteoblasts can ibhibit Osteoclast formation by creating a special inhibitory protein subunit??

Answer 50

True Osteoblast can make OPG (osteoprotegerin), which binds to an osteoclast precursor cell...inactivating it.

Question 51

T/G Periosteum exists between articular cartiage and bone?

Answer 51

False!

Question 52

What are the 2 pathways Osteoblasts can make bone matrix?

Answer 52

1. Osteoblast --\> Osteoid/proteoglycans/glycoproteins --\> Type I Collagen 2. Osteoblast --\> Matrix Vesicles --\> Mineralization

Question 53

Spongey Bone 1. [] systems are not seen 2. Has a [] appearance 3. Lined with []

Answer 53

1. Haversian Systems are not seen 2. Has a trabecular 3. Lined with endosteum