cartilage &human skeleton

Question 1

What tissues make up an endoskeleton?

Answer 1

1. Cartilage
2. Bone

Ligaments and tendons will be discussed on page 63.

Question 2

Where does cartilage occur in the body?

Answer 2

Isolated areas such as:
* Part of the ribs
* Nose
* Pinna of the ear
* Between vertebrae
* Lining of joints

Cartilage is found in various locations, providing support and flexibility.

Question 3

How does cartilage compare to bone?

Answer 3

Cartilage is much softer than bone because it contains less minerals, has few blood vessels, and no nerves.

This structural difference contributes to the distinct functions of cartilage and bone.

Question 4

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 4

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrous cartilage

Each type of cartilage has specific characteristics suited for different functions.

Question 5

What are the basic components of all three types of cartilage?

Answer 5

• Chondrocytes in lacunae
• Matrix made of jelly-like substance with collagen and elastic fibres
• Large amount of tissue fluid (up to 80% water)

These components contribute to the unique properties of cartilage.

Question 6

What is the function of cartilage in joints?

Answer 6

Cartilage lines many joints, facilitating smooth movement.

This function is essential for reducing friction during movement.

Question 7

What role does cartilage play between vertebrae?

Answer 7

Acts as a shock absorber.

This helps to protect the spine during movement and weight-bearing activities.

Question 8

What flexible structures does cartilage form?

Answer 8

Examples include:
* Epiglottis
* Pinna of the ear

These structures require flexibility and support, which cartilage provides.

Question 9

What makes up the bulk of the skeleton?

Answer 9

Bone

Question 10

What is the hardest tissue in the body?

Answer 10

Bone

Question 11

Why does bone need to be light?

Answer 11

To reduce the weight that an animal must move about

Question 12

What does bone tissue contain?

Answer 12

Blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels

Question 13

What are the components of bone tissue?

Answer 13

Osteocytes in lacunae set in a matrix

Question 14

What gives bone its flexibility and strength?

Answer 14

Collagen fibres

Question 15

What are collagen fibres also called?

Answer 15

White fibres

Question 16

How do collagen fibres compare to steel fibres?

Answer 16

They are stronger than steel fibres of the same size

Question 17

What minerals are incorporated into the bone matrix?

Answer 17

Calcium salts

Question 18

What process accounts for the extreme hardness of bone?

Answer 18

Mineralization

Question 19

How is bone tissue classified?

Answer 19

Into two types: Compact bone and Spongy (cancellous) bone

Question 20

Where is compact bone found?

Answer 20

On the surface of bones and the shafts of the limb bones

Question 21

What is the appearance of compact bone?

Answer 21

Very hard, dense, smooth, and homogeneous

Question 22

What is compact bone made up of?

Answer 22

Many Haversian systems or osteons

Question 23

What does compact bone provide?

Answer 23

Strength and support to the body

Question 24

What is spongy bone also known as?

Answer 24

Cancellous bone

Question 25

What is a characteristic of spongy bone regarding its weight and structure?

Answer 25

Lighter in weight and has a more open structure

Question 26

What are the small thin plates of bone in spongy bone called?

Answer 26

Trabeculae

Question 27

How does the arrangement of trabeculae in spongy bone contribute to its function?

Answer 27

They are precisely arranged along lines of stress

Question 28

What types of blood cells are formed in the red marrow of spongy bone?

Answer 28

Red (erythrocytes) and white (leucocytes) blood cells

Question 29

What are inactive mature bone cells called?

Answer 29

Osteocytes

Question 30

What do osteocytes form when more bone is needed?

Answer 30

Osteoblasts

Question 31

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Answer 31

To break down bone tissue

Question 32

What is the primary function of compact bone?

Answer 32

Gives strength and support to the body

Question 33

What is one of the functions of spongy bone?

Answer 33

Helps the skeleton to resist stress

Question 34

What are long bones?

Answer 34

Bones that are much longer than they are wide, consisting of a shaft (diaphysis) and two heads (epiphyses) ## Footnote They are not necessarily long in size.

Question 35

Which bones are classified as long bones?

Answer 35

All bones of the limbs except for the patella and the bones of the wrist and ankles, including phalanges ## Footnote Phalanges are considered long bones despite being small.

Question 36

What is the function of long bones?

Answer 36

Provide support for the limbs and attachment for muscles, enabling movement ## Footnote This support is crucial for locomotion and various physical activities.

Question 37

Fill in the blank: The shaft of a long bone is called the _______.

Answer 37

diaphysis

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The ends of a long bone are known as the _______.

Answer 38

epiphyses

Question 39

True or False: The patella is classified as a long bone.

Answer 39

False