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SBA - definitions > CASE 1-5 > Flashcards

CASE 1-5 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Clearance (Cl)

A

the volume of plasma that has been cleared of drug (removed from) per unit time

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2
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Half-life (t1/2

A

the length of time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to half

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3
Q

Pharmacology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - volume of distribution (Vd)

A 
• is the distribution of a drug between the plasma and the rest of the body after dosing
Dependent on -
  • drug permeability across membranes 
  • binding within compartments
  •pH partition
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4
Q

Physiology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - acute inflammation

A

is a short-term process occurring in response to tissue injury and usually appears within mins-hours - cardinal signs - pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function

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5
Q

Physiology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - chronic inflammation

A

is a prolonged inflammatory response that insoles a progressive change in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation - and characterised by destruction and repair of the tissue

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6
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - atheroma

A

is a progressive disease characterised by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous element in the large arteries

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7
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - thrombosis

A

blood clot in situ in the vessels

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8
Q

Pathology
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - embolism

A

blood clot (or fat/air) carried around blood system which becomes lodged and causes a blockage (embolism)

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9
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - Epidemiology

A

is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations

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10
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - mortality rates

A

the number of deaths in a certain group of people in a certain period of time

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11
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - incidence rates

A
  • the rate of newly diagnosed cases of a disease or illness

* the number of new cases reported in a certain period of time

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12
Q

Public Health
(CASE 1 - SBA)
Define - prevalence rates

A

is the number of individuals with the disease either at a specific point in time (the point prevalence) or over a specified time period (the period prevalence)

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13
Q

Pathology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - ischaemia

A

an in adequate supply of blood to a tissue resulting in an insufficient supply of oxygen and other metabolic needs for that tissue

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14
Q

Pathology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - infarction

A

an insufficient supply of blood carrying oxygen and other metabolic needs leading to cell or tissue necrosis – death

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15
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - Dystrophic calcification

A

calcification that occurs in degenerated or necrotic tissue

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16
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - Metastatic calcification

A

occurs when calcium salts are precipitated in normal tissue as a result of high serum calcium or phosphate levels

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17
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - necrosis

A

pathological cellular/tissue death in a living organism irrespective of cause and an inflammatory response

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18
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - apoptosis

A

normal or pathological individual cell death (programmed) and characterised by activation of endogenous proteases and endonucleases - NO inflammatory response

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19
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - pyknosis

A

is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

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20
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - free radical damage

A

chemical radicals characterised by a single unpaired electron in the outer shell and highly reactive

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21
Q

Cell Biology
(CASE 2 - SBA)
Define - hypoxia

A

reduced O2 delivery to the tissues

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22
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - dysplasia

A
  • pre-cancerous - ‘typical hyperplasia’ increased cell division
  • cells look abnormal
  • growth is dependent on initial stimulus and the acquisition of new driver mutations
  • reversible
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23
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - neoplasia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • uncontrolled cellular proliferation
  • abnormal cell structure and function
  • growth is independent of the initial stimulus and without the need for new mutations
  • irreversible
24
Q

Pathology
(CASE 4 - SBA)
Define - tumour

25
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - papilloma
a benign epithelial tumour, growing in an exophytic direction (growing outwards)
26
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - adenoma
* a benign tumour arising in glandular tissue, growing in an exophytic direction * mucosa of stomach, small intestine and colon
27
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - dysplasia
* pre-cancerous - 'typical hyperplasia' increased cell division * cells look abnormal * growth is dependent on initial stimulus and the acquisition of new driver mutations * reversible
28
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - sarcoma
a malignant tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue • blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles
29
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - tumour
* an abnormal swelling * an abnormal mass of cells resulting from the loss of normal control of cell growth and/or differentiation triggered by stepwise accumulation of multiple genetic alterations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny
30
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - papilloma
a benign epithelial tumour, growing in an exophytic direction (growing outwards)
31
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - adenoma
* a benign tumour arising in glandular tissue, growing in an exophytic direction * mucosa of stomach, small intestine and colon
32
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - carcinoma
* a malignant tumour arising in the epithelial tissue, growing in an endophytic direction * papilloma/adenomas can become carcinomas when they begin to grow inwards * liver, lungs, kidney
33
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - sarcoma
* a malignant tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue * blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles
34
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - carcinoma in situ
* neoplastic cells remain growing and contained within their originating site/layer * haven't invaded through the basement membrane
35
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - transformation
* the changes that normal cells undergo as they become malignant * genetic, morphological and functional changes
36
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - metastasis
the development of a secondary neoplastic growth in a distant tissue/organ
37
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - invasion
the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighbouring tissues by crossing their originating sites basement membrane
38
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - grade of tumours
* histological | * appearance of the cancer cells
39
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - stage of tumours
* anatomical | * the size of a cellular mass and how far it has spread from where it originated
40
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - transformation
* the changes that normal cells undergo as they become malignant * genetic, morphological and functional changes
41
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - clonality
derived from a single cell and genetically identical
42
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - carcinogen
* any substance, radionuclide or radiation that promotes transformation * carcinogenesis, oncogenesis and tumorigenesis
43
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - initiator
mutagenic and promote DNA mutations
44
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - promoter
* non-mutagenic, act by stimulating cell division | * the original mutant population increase - increasing the likelihood of further mutations
45
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - oncogene
* a mutated/activated gene which contributes positively to neoplasia * usually by promoting autonomous cell proliferation
46
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - cellular oncogene
* the unaltered (non-mutated) cellular counterpart of an oncogene * synonymous wit proto-oncogene
47
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - viral oncogene
* a virally encoded protein which contributes positively to neoplasm * E6/E7 by the HPV16 virus
48
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - tumour suppressor gene
* gene invited in regulation/ control of cell growth/cell division * usually mutated/inactivate in cancer by - * structural alteration * deletion - p53
49
Pathology (CASE 4 - SBA) Define - tumour suppressor gene
* gene invited in regulation/ control of cell growth/cell division * usually mutated/inactivate in cancer by - * structural alteration * deletion - p53
50
Public Health (CASE 1 - SAP) Define - health inequalities
the systematic differences in health between different groups within society – social class/ socio-economic status/deprivation or ethnicity
51
Social Science (CASE 2 - SAP) Define - patient self-care
the actions that individuals take for themselves, on behalf of and with others in order to develop, protect and maintain and improve their health, well-being and wellness (cleaning teeth, exercise, setting up and dialysis)
52
Public Health (CASE 3 - SAP) Define - absolute risk
risk of patient developing the disease over time period
53
Public Health (CASE 3 - SAP) Define - relative risk
compares 2 groups of people (smokers and non-smokers) and assesses each groups risk dependent on specific risk factors
54
Public Health (CASE 3 - SAP) Define - odds risk
measures association between and exposure and outcome
55
Public Health (CASE 3 - SAP) Define - attributable risk
is the measure of the proportion of the disease currents that can be attributed to recession exposure

SBA - definitions (3 decks)

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