Case 11 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are key history findings for a patient with Kawasaki disease?
Persistent fever, irritability, rash, conjunctivitis, refusal to walk.
What are key physical exam findings for a patient with Kawasaki disease?
Maculopapular rash, Nonpurulent conjunctivitis, Mucosal changes, Unilateral cervical adenopathy, Swelling in extremities.
What is on the differential for Kawasaki disease?
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Measles, Kawasaki disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Meningococcemia, Scarlet fever, Enterovirus.
What are key lab findings for a patient with Kawasaki disease?
WBC elevated with neutrophilic predominance. Hemoglobin/hematocrit and red blood cell smear: Normochromic, normocytic anemia. Mean corpuscular volume: Normal. Platelets: Normal.
Enterovirus exanthem:
Rash usually erythematous and maculopapular and may involve the palms and soles. In hand-foot-and-mouth disease (caused by Coxsackievirus), there is a vesicular rash on hands and feet, with ulcers in the mouth.
Measles exanthem:
Initial rash appears on buccal mucosa as red lesions with central bluish white spots (Koplik spots). After prodromal fever (over 101 F), cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, a maculopapular rash starts on neck, behind ears, and along hairline. Rash spreads downward and reaches feet in two to three days.
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) exanthem:
This is caused by parvovirus B19. Frequently a low-grade fever with rash appearing 7 to 10 days later. Rash starts as facial erythema - the “slapped cheek” appearance, then spreads to the trunk and has an erythematous macular appearance. The rash often lasts longest on the extremities, where it has a lacy, reticular appearance.
Meningococcemia (Neisseria meningitides) exanthem:
Abrupt onset of rash, with fever, chills, malaise, and prostration. Initial rash may be urticarial, maculopapular or petechial (marked by small, purplish hemorrhagic spots). In fulminant cases, can become purpuric, with large hemorrhages into skin.
Roseola exanthem:
Macular or maculopapular rash starts on trunk and spreads to arms and neck. Rash preceded by three to four days of high fevers, which end as rash appears. Usually in patents under two years of age.
Scarlet fever exanthem:
Very fine erythematous, blanching papular rash, often described as sandpaper-like. Starts in the groin, axillae and neck but spreads rapidly. The fever can be high, and the disease is usually self-limited, lasting less than 10 days. Etiologic agent is Group A streptococcus. Important to treat this to prevent nonsuppurative complications of strep, including rheumatic fever.
Varicella exanthem:
Rash starts on trunk and spreads to extremities and head. Each lesion progresses from erythematous macule to papule to vesicle to pustule, and then crusts over. Lesions at various stages of development. Self-limited disease lasting approximately one week.
Diffuse adenopathy:
Can be seen with infectious mononucleosis (EBV or CMV), HIV, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, lymphomas, leukemia, histiocytosis, metastatic neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Measles also presents with markedly generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly that may last several weeks.
Cervical adenopathy:
Cervical adenopathy is common in children. However, unilateral cervical adenopathy is significant. Possible causes include:
- Bacterial cervical adenines (most commonly due to Staph aureus and strep pyogenes)
- Cat scratch disease (bartonella henselae infection) axillae most commonly involved, but also cervical, submandibular and inguinal regions.
- Reactive node from pharyngeal infection
- Kawasaki disease
- Mycobacterial infection (tuberculosis is most common cause in children over 12 years)
Palmar rash:
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Kawasaki disease, Syphilis
Strawberry tongue:
Erythematous tongue with prominent papillae, characteristic finding of both streptococcal pharyngitis and Kawasaki disease.
What is on the differential diagnosis for Kawasaki disease?
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Bone or joint infection, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Viral syndrome, Scarlet fever.
Kawasaki disease criteria:
If patient febrile for five or more days, consider Kawasaki disease. Other manifestations of this disease of unknown etiology often elicited by history include a non-purulent conjunctivitis (which may have cleared prior to presentation), rash, and swelling and erythema of the hands and/or feet. The swelling in the feet can lead to painful walking.
Must have four of the following criteria in addition to fever (as well as no other apparent cause for the illness) for diagnosis:
- Changes in oral mucosa
- Extremity changes (redness/swelling)
- Unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy
- Rash
- Conjunctivitis
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome:
Mucocutaneous disorder characterized by fever, severe stomatitis, conjunctivitis, and erythema multiforme-type (i.e., hypersensitivity reaction), blistering rash. Formerly called “erythema multiform major”
Bone or joint infection:
A concern in a young child who suddenly stops walking, since up to 80 percent of infections are in the lower extremities. However, the fever associated with osteomyelitis or septic arthritis is usually not as high as this case.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA):
A group of common rheumatic diseases. Systemic-onset disease (Stills disease) characteristically has prolonged fever, rash and arthritis, although arthritis often presents much later.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
Caused by rickettsia rickettsii, this is the most common fatal tick-borne disease in US. Characterized by fever, myalgias, headache, and petechial rash classically starting on wrists and ankles and progressing centrally.
Viral syndrome:
A frequently used term covering a wide range of illnesses. The viruses most likely to cause fever, a nondescript rash, and presenting in late summer/early fall would be the enteroviruses. The fever associated with these viral infections in a normal host usually last no longer than three to five days.
Scarlet fever:
An erythematous, blanching, sandpaper-like rash with very fine papules secondary to infection with Group A streptococcus. Starts in groin, axilla, and neck. Spreads rapidly over trunk and extremities. Fever can be high but generally resolves within five days.
