Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Year 2 > Case 14 SAP > Flashcards

Case 14 SAP Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe erectile dysfuntion

A

persistent inability to initiate or sustain a penile erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cause categories of erectile dysfunction

A

psychological
vascular
neurological
endocrine
recreational drugs
iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychological causes of erectile dysfuntion

A

relationship issues
poor sexual experiences
underlying psychological problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vascular causes of erectile dysfunction

A

atherosclerosis
hypertension
diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurological causes of erectile dysfunction

A

diffuse, central, or peripheral nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endocrine causes of erectile dysfunction

A

low testosterone
hyperprolactinaemia from anterior pituitary tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction

A

screen for underlying disease
lifestyle changes
psych treatment when needed
vacuum erection device
penile implants if absolutely necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Viagra/sildenafil mechanism

A

PDE-5 inhibitors
increase levels of cGMP
prolongs smooth muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Side effects of Viagra/sildenafil

A

headaches
facial flushing
impaired colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Viagra/sildenafil contraindicated in and why?

A

those using nitrate medication
hypotension risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Second-line treatment if no response to Viagra or contraindications

A

prostaglandin E1 intracavernosal injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Female sexual dysfunction definition

A

subjective dissatisfaction with level or nature of sexual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classifications of female sexual dysfunction

A

sexual interest/desire disorders
orgasmic disorders
sexual pain disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of female sexual dysfunction

A

psychological
vascular
neurological
oestrogen insufficiency
thyroid disease
diabetes
pregnancy
post-partum period
muscular
chronic pain disorders
medications (SSRIs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of female sexual dysfunction

A

lifestyle changes
CBT
pelvic floor exercises
devices e.g. dilators in vaginismus
vaginal lubricant
oestrogen preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fistula

A

abnormal connection between two hollow spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External fistula

A

one of the spaces is the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal fistula

A

between two hollow organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Colocutaneous/enterocutaneous fistula

A

between skin and intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes enterocutaneous fistula

A

bowel surgery
IBD
infections
abdominal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Consequences colocutaneous fistula

A

intestinal contents leaking through skin
fluid loss
sepsis risk
nutritional rehabilitation
may require surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anal fistula

A

between skin and anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes anal fistula

A

infection which causes an abscess - when the fluid drains it creates a channel
IBD
diverticulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Consequences anal fistula

A

pain
irritation
swelling
bowel incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Vesicointestinal fistula
between bladder and any GI tract structure
26
Causes vesicointestinal fistula
complicated diverticulitis cancer longstanding IBD
27
Consequences vesicointestinal fistula
faeces entering bladder UTI sepsis surgery requried
28
Vesicouterine fistula
between bladder and uterus
29
Causes vesicouterine fistula
most occur after segment caesarean perforation of uterus radiation therapy placenta removal
30
Consequences vesicouterine fistulas
absence of menstrual bleeding cyclical presence of blood in urine may need surgery
31
Vesicovaginal fistula
between bladder and vagina
31
Vesicovaginal fistula causes
congenital birth condition prolonged labour
32
Vesicovaginal fistula consequences
continuous involuntary discharge of urine into vagina surgery required
33
Rectovaginal fistula
between rectum and vagina
34
Rectovaginal fistula causes
prolonged labour/trauma during childbirth surgery
35
Rectovaginal fistula consequences
passage of faecal matter through vagina faecal incontinence inflamed/irritated vaginal tissue infection risk of sepsis surgery required in most cases
36
Obstetric fistula
can be vesicouterine, vesicovaginal, rectouterine, or rectovaginal
37
Causes obstetric fistulas
prolonged labour large foetal head small pelvis of pregnant person
38
Abnormalities of testes descent
undescended testes ectopic testes infertility due to suboptimal temperature
39
How do the testes descend?
via processus vaginalis of inguinal canal
40
What can abnormal fusion of paramesonephric ducts lead to?
double uterus unicornate/bicornate uterus septate uterus atresia of cervix
41
Congenital inguinal hernia
abdominal contents protrude into patent processus vaginalis
42
When do genital folds fuse in males?
week 9
43
Hypospadias
abnormal urethral opening on underside of penis due to failure of fusion of genital folds
44
Epispadias
abnormal urethral opening on upper side of penis due to failure of fusion of genital folds can occur in females where urethra is present closer to clitoris or even abdomen
45
Turner's syndrome
absence of X chromosome in females causes primordial germ cells to degenerate, gonads do not differentiate, genitalia do not mature
46
Kleinfelter syndrome
extra X chromosome in males small external genitalia, azoospermia or oligospermia
47
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
failure in testosterone receptors in genetic males testicular tissue present internally external female genitalia testosterone and mullerian inhibitory substance produced causing infertility
48
External genitalia disorders
mixed gonadal dysgenesis - individuals present with both male and female tissue within gonads 46 XX/XY
49
What is fibrocystic breast disease?
Physiological changes during cycle that become problematic
50
Fibrocystic breast tissue
nodular/thickened not clearly separate from rest of tissue
51
Fibrocystic breast disease treatment
review midcycle changes, refer if necessary
52
Who does fibrocystic breast disease primarily effect?
Women ages 20-50
53
Define fibroadenoma
most common benign tumour
54
Fibroadenoma breast tissue
soft (can be firmer in older patients) well-circumscribed painless highly mobile - "breast mouse" 2-3cm from lobule
55
Multiple/complex breast fibroadenoma
associated with higher cancer risk
56
Who does breast fibroadenoma most commonly affect?
women in 20s
57
Define fat necrosis of breast
benign inflammation usually caused by trauma to breast
58
Presentation of fat necrosis of breast
bruising erythema dimpling signs of trauma usually painless more common in larger breasts
59
Fat necrosis of breast treatment
very similar presentation to cancer so need biopsy
60
Describe breast cyst
fluid-filled, round, palpable mass, can become painful
61
Where do breast cysts commonly come from?
terminal duct lobular unit
62
Who are breast cysts most common in?
pre-menopausal women, 30s/40s
63
Breast cyst treatment
very difficult to distinguish from malignant lesions so refer may need aspiration
64
Define lipoma
benign tumour of fat cells
65
Where are breast lipomas located?
superficially, just under skin
66
Describe breast lipomas
soft well-circumscribed smooth non-tender sometimes lobulated
67
Benign tumours
smooth mobile regular borders
68
Malignant tumours
irregular borders hard fixed to underlying structures
69
Triple assessment pathway
Clinical exam Imaging Biopsy
70
Which imaging modality is used for younger patients with breast lumps and why?
ultrasound due to higher tissue density
71
Is core biopsy or fine needle aspiration more common?
core biopsy
72
Skin changes in breast malignancies
tethering peau d'orange eczema thickening
73
Breast changes in breast malgnancies
nipple discharge new nipple inversion change in size change in shape fungating mass (open skin wound)
74
Other presentations of breast malignancies
symptoms of metastases enlarged regional lymph nodes
75
LCIS
lobular carcinoma in situ confined to lobule epithelia usually diagnosed incidentally on biopsy increased risk of future breast cancer
76
Which lymph nodes does breast cancer typically spread to?
axillary - most common tracheobronchial supraclavicular intramammary
77
Where do breast metastases through the blood typically spread?
lung bone brain liver
78
Routes of breast tumour spread
blood lymph directly into muscle/skin
79
Protective factors for breast cancer
low alcohol reduce weight physical activity breastfeeding treating precursor conditions
80
Non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer
female sex older age radiation treatment personal/family history long menarche to menopause interval geographic location (north america, europe, australia)
81
Modifiable risk factors for breast cancer
HRT obesity oral contraceptive pill nulliparous older age at first pregnancy lack of physical activity alcohol
82
Types of invasive breast carcinomas
Paget's disease of the breast Inflammatory breast cancer
83
Describe inflammatory breast cancer
blocks lymphatic drainage swelling and redness rapidly developing
84
Describe Paget's disease of the breast
cancer of nipple/areolar complex eczematous lesion with underlying carcinoma (invasive more common but could be carcinoma in situ)
85
DCIS
ductal carcinoma in situ confined to duct epithelia can become invasive
86
DCIS presentation
lump or nipple discharge but can be incidental
87
DCIS treatment
surgery

Medicine Year 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions