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Medicine Year 1 > Case 3 SBA > Flashcards

Case 3 SBA Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Divisions of the peritoneal cavity

A

Greater and lesser sac

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2
Q

Greater sac of peritoneal cavity

A

Starts at diaphragm and descends into pelvic cavity. Is not contained by the reflections

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3
Q

Lesser sac of peritoneal cavity

A

Lies behind stomach and liver, contained by reflections

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4
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects liver to curvature of the stomach

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5
Q

Medial part of lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric ligament

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6
Q

Lateral part of lesser omentum

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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7
Q

Greater omentum

A

Connects greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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8
Q

The mesentery

A

Anchors small intestine to abdominal wall

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9
Q

Other examples of mesenteries

A

Mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, mesoappendix

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10
Q

Lienorenal ligament

A

Connects spleen and kidney

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11
Q

Omentum definition

A

reflection between two organs

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12
Q

Mesentery definition

A

reflection between organ and posterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Only covered on anterior surface by peritoneum. SADPUCKER (suprarenal glands, aorta, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon, kidneys, oesophagus, rectum)

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14
Q

Supra-colic organs

A

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen

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15
Q

Infra-colic organs

A

Small intestine, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

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16
Q

Falciform ligament of liver

A

Attaches to anterior abdominal wall. Becomes coronary ligaments.

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17
Q

Coronary ligaments of liver

A

Attach liver to diaphragm, meet and form triangular ligament

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18
Q

Main muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

Quadratus lumborum, psoas, ilacus

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19
Q

Sections of the male urethra

A

pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, and spongy

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20
Q

Male vs female urethra length

A

20cm vs 5cm

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21
Q

Kidney drainage route

A

papilla → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

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22
Q

Which kidney is the most inferior?

A

Right

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23
Q

What crosses the left renal vein anteriorly?

A

Superior mesenteric

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24
Q

What connects the supra and infra-colic compartments of the greater sac?

A

Paracolic gutters

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25
Clinical implications of paracolic gutters
More common to have infection on right side that can spread upwards towards the right subphrenic space (between diaphragm and liver)
26
Subphrenic abscess
Accumulation of pus in subphrenic space
27
Definition of chronic kidney disease
Longstanding abnormal kidney function or structure with GFR < 60 mls/min/1.73m^2
28
Stage 1 CKD
Haematuria, proteinuria, abnormal anatomy, normal GFR > 90
29
Stage 2 CKD
Haematuria, proteinuria, abnormal anatomy, mildly reduced GFR (60-89)
30
Stage 3 CKD
Moderately reduced GFR (30-59)
31
Stage 4 CKD
Severe reduction in GFR (15-29)
32
Stage 5 CKD
Kidney failure, GFR <15
33
Level A1 kidney disease
Albuminuria <3mg/mmol
34
Level A2 kidney disease
Albuminuria 3-30 mg/mmol
35
Level A3 kidney disease
Albuminuria >30 mg/mmol
36
Cause of urinary tract infections
Bacteria enter urinary tract, adhere to bladder cells, and elicit inflammatory response
37
Top two causes of UTIs
E-coli and staphylococcus aureus
38
Lower UTI
infection confined to bladder and urethra
39
Upper UTI
infection spreads to kidney and ureter. more severe
40
Complicated UTI
Other condition (including diabetes, kidney stones, blockages, catheters, immunosuppressants, and developmental abnormalities) along with UTI. Higher risk of kidney damage and septicaemia
41
Risk factors for UTIs
female gender, increasing age, recent antibiotic use, recent sexual activity, catheterisation, pregnancy, institutionalisation, diabetes
42
Signs/symptoms of lower UTI
increased urinary frequency (polyuria), painful urination (dysuria), haematuria (most common cause of haematuria is UTI), foul-smelling or cloudy urine (pyuria), urgency, urinary incontinence
43
Signs/symptoms of upper UTI
rigors, fever (pyrexia), nausea/vomiting, flank pain, confusion in elderly patients
44
Bacteria in urine but no UTI symptoms
asymptomatic bacteriuria
45
UTI epidemiology
UTIs uncommon in men and children. 25% of women will experience UTIs, and 25% of these will have recurrent UTIs. In men and children, usually have an underlying abnormality of the urinary tract. Presents with confusion in elderly people with an upper UTI
46
Urine changes with UTI
pyuria, dysuria, haematuria, polyuria, incontinence, urgency, very small amounts produced.
47
Urine changes in AKI
reduced urine output
48
Urine changes in CKD
increased frequency
49
Describe loop diuretics
act on thick ascending loop of Henle, are powerful diuretics. Inhibit Na-K-2Cl channels. Increase Na excretions and hyperosmolarity of filtrate
50
Loop diuretic examples
Furosemide and bumetanide
51
Thiazide-like diuretics examples
Chlorthalidone, indapamide, hydrochlorothiazide
52
Potassium sparing diuretics mechanisms
mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (aldosterone antagonists) or ENaC blockers
53
Aldosterone antagonist examples
Spironolactone and eplerenone
54
ENaC blockers examples
Amiloride and triamterene
55
Proximal tubule handling of potassium
Paracellular reabsorption
56
Loop of Henle handling of potassium
Reabsorption primarily via Na/K/2Cl cotransporters
57
Principal cells in DCT and CD handling of potassium
excrete K following Na reabsorption
58
Alpha-intercalated cells in CD handling of potassium
reabsorb K in exchange for H
59
What dictates the net effect of potassium handling?
Relative handling by principal and alpha-intercalated cells
60
Sodium reabsorption in PCT
apical surface has Na/K ATPase and Na/HCO3 symporter. Basolateral surface has Na/glucose symporter and Na/H exchanger
61
Sodium reabsorption in LOH
has channels for Na to move freely. Also includes Na/K/2Cl pump on apical surface and Na/K ATPase on basolateral surface
62
Sodium reabsorption in DCT
Na/Cl symporter on apical surface, Na/K ATPase on basolateral surface. Has Na/H exchanger and aldosterone-controlled Na/K exchanger on both surfaces
63
Sodium reabsorption in CD
Na/H exchanger and aldosterone-controlled Na/K exchanger on both surfaces

Medicine Year 1 (23 decks)

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