Case 6

Question 1

What do new MS lesions begin with?

Answer 1

Perivenular cuffing?

Question 2

What is perivenular cuffing?

Answer 2

The surrounding of a vein with WBCs in response to infection or autoimmune.

Question 3

How do Lymphocytes and monocytes gain access to the brain parenchyme?

Answer 3

Adhering to vascular endothelial cells via the glycoprotein alpha-4-beta-1 intergrin.

Question 4

Epidemiology of MS?

Answer 4

More common in women, onset usually between 20-45, Vit D deficiency, polygenic susceptibility.

Question 5

What cells initiate MS?

Answer 5

CD4+ TH1 and TH17 T cells that react against self-myelin.

Question 6

What is the treatment fro MS?

Answer 6

Divided into three catagories 1)treatment of acute attacks as they occur 2)Treatment with disease-modifying agents that reduce the biological activity of MS 3) Symtomatic therapy.

Question 7

What is the diathesis-stress model of depression?

Answer 7

A preexisting vulnerability is activated by stressful life events. Vulnerability can be either genetic, or schematic.

Question 8

What three monoamaines are thought to play a role in depression?

Answer 8

Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin.

Question 9

What are the neutral amino acids dopamine (and noradrenalin) and serotonin come from respectively?

Answer 9

Tyrosine and Tryptophan.

Question 10

What is coping?

Answer 10

Managing stresses that are taxing or exceeding of a persons resources.

Question 11

What is approach coping?

Answer 11

confronting the problem, gathering information and taking direct action.

Question 12

What is avoidance coping?

Answer 12

Minimizing the importance of the event.

Question 13

What is problem-focused coping?

Answer 13

Attempting to take action to either reduce the demands or increase the resources available to manage it.

Question 14

What is emotion-focused coping?

Answer 14

Management of emotions evoked by the stressful event, using behavioural and cognitive stratergies.

Question 15

What is the self-affirmation thoery of health protective behaviour??

Answer 15

People are motivated to protect their sense of themselves, if this is threatened they behave defensively, this behaviour can be reduced if given the opportunity to self-affirm in another domain.

Question 16

What are the core beliefs of the health belief model?

Answer 16

Susceptibility to illness, severity, cost, benefits, cues to action.

Question 17

What is the protection motivation thoery?

Answer 17

Expands on the health belief to include additional factors. 5 Components: severity, susceptibility, response effectiveness, self-efficacy, fear.

Question 18

What are the 5 suggested triggers for help-seeking?

Answer 18

1) Occurance of an intrapersonal crisis
2) Percieved interference with scial or personal relations
3) Sanctioning
4) Percieved interference with vocational or physical activity
5) Temporalizing of symptomatology.

Question 19

What is lasting power of attorney?

Answer 19

Meet the needs of those who will not be able to look after their own personal and financial affairs, it allows arrangments for family members or friends to make decisions on their behalf.

Question 20

What is an advanced care plan?

Answer 20

A discussion between an individual and their care providers for a time when a person lacks capacity. Covered in the discussion may be things like a patients concerns, important values, particular preferences for types of care or treatmnet for the future.