Case 8 Flashcards
(57 cards)
The ureters are continuous with the renal pelvis at what junction?
The ureteropelvic junction
What is the ureters’ relationship to the peritoneum?
It is retroperitoneal
The ureters descend on the medial aspect of what muscle?
psoas major
The ureters cross what as they pass through the pelvic brim?
The end of the common illiac arteries or the start of the external iliac arteries
What are the three points where the ureter are constricted?
The uretopelvic junction, where they cross the common iliac vessels at the pelvic brim and where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder.
What supplies blood flow to the upper portion of the ureters?
the renal arteries
What supplies blood flow to the middle portion of the ureters?
branches of the abdominal aorta, the testicular/ovarian arteries and the common iliac arteries
What supplies blood flow to the ureter in the pelvic cavity?
branches of the internal iliac arteries
What are the three layers of the ureters from innermost to outermost?
inner mucosa, central muscular layer and an outer connective tissue (adventitial) layer
What type of structure is the inner mucosa of the ureters made of?
an internal transitional epithelium with a surrounding lamina propria, which is thick and elastic
What is the arrangement of the muscle of the upper two thirds of the ureters?
It has two layers of smooth muscle, an inner longitudinal one and an outer circular one
What is the arrangement of the muscle of the bottom third of the ureters?
There are three layers of smooth muscle a central circular layer with two longitudinal inbetween
What is the most anterior element of the pelvic viscera?
The bladder
The bladder is shaped like a three sided pyramid describe its surface and how it lies within the body
It has an apex and a base, two inferolateral surfaces and asuperior surface
The apex of the bladder is directed to what anatomical feature? It is supported by which ligament? What does this attach it to?
The apex of the bladder is pointed toward the pubic symphysis. The apex of the bladder is attached to the umbilicus by the median umbilical ligament
The base of the bladder is posed in what direction?
posteroinferiorly
What is the trigone of the bladder?
The smooth triangular shaped area at the base of the bladder where the mucosal lining of the bladder is smooth and firmly attached to the muscle coat of the wall
The inerolateral sides of the bladder are cradled between what muscles?
The levator ani muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and the adjacent obturator internus muscles
The neck of the bladder is connected to the inferioposterior aspect of the the pubic bone by tough fibromuscular bands what are they called?
pubovesical ligament in wommen and puboprostatic ligaments in men
What happens to the transitional epithelium of the bladder under pressure?
It an stretch until it resembles squamous epithelium
How long is the female urethra?
4cm long
What does the female urethra pass through what does it open to at the end?
it passes through the pelvic floor inferiorly into the perineum then through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane then opens in the vestibule between the labia minora
What is the name of the two small para-urethral mucous glands that open onto the lateral margins of the external urethral orifice?
skene’s glands
How long is the male urethra how many times does it bend throughout its course?
it is 20cm and bends twice
