Case ILOs

Question 1

What is gas exchange in the lungs?

Answer 1

The process by which oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.

Question 2

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 2

In the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.

Question 3

What drives the process of gas exchange in the alveoli?

Answer 3

The diffusion of gases due to partial pressure gradients.

Question 4

Which anatomical features of alveoli optimize gas exchange?

Answer 4

Thin walls, large surface area, and close proximity to capillaries.

Question 5

What brainstem centers are involved in controlling ventilation?

Answer 5

The medulla oblongata and pons.

Question 6

How is hypoxia detected in the body?

Answer 6

By peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Question 7

What is hypoxia?

Answer 7

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

Question 8

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 8

An excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

Question 9

Which receptors detect hypercapnia?

Answer 9

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla.

Question 10

Name two common environmental triggers of asthma.

Answer 10

Allergens (e.g., pollen) and air pollutants.

Question 11

What is the prevalence of asthma globally?

Answer 11

Asthma affects about 300 million people worldwide.

Question 12

What role does genetics play in asthma?

Answer 12

Family history of asthma or atopy increases risk.

Question 13

What is atopy?

Answer 13

A genetic predisposition to develop allergic reactions.

Question 14

Define bronchospasm in asthma.

Answer 14

The sudden constriction of the muscles in the bronchioles.

Question 14

What is bronchial hyperresponsiveness?

Answer 14

An exaggerated response of the airways to stimuli, causing narrowing.

Question 15

What causes wheezing in asthma?

Answer 15

Narrowing of the airways leading to turbulent airflow.

Question 16

What immune mechanism underlies atopy in asthma?

Answer 16

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to allergens.

Question 17

What is the effect of mucus overproduction in asthma?

Answer 17

It blocks airways and impedes airflow.

Question 18

Which parts of the bronchial tree are primarily affected in asthma?

Answer 18

The small airways, including bronchioles.

Question 18

How does inflammation affect the bronchial tree in asthma?

Answer 18

Causes swelling and thickening of the airway walls.

Question 19

Give an example of an agonist used in asthma treatment.

Answer 19

Beta-agonists like albuterol (salbutamol).

Question 19

Define agonist in pharmacology.

Answer 19

A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.

Question 20

Define antagonist in pharmacology.

Answer 20

A drug that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking other substances from binding.

Question 21

Give an example of an antagonist and its function.

Answer 21

Beta-blockers, which are contraindicated in asthma as they can cause bronchoconstriction.

Question 21

How is peak flow used in asthma assessment?

Answer 21

Measures the maximum speed of exhalation, indicating airway narrowing.

Question 22

What does a low peak flow measurement indicate?

Answer 22

Severe airway obstruction.

Question 23

Why is oxygen saturation measured in asthma?

Answer 23

To assess the degree of hypoxia.

Question 24

Where are β2-adrenoceptors primarily located?

Answer 24

In the lungs, where they mediate bronchodilation.

Question 24

Name a sign of severe asthma exacerbation on physical examination.

Answer 24

Use of accessory muscles during breathing.

Question 25

What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-agonists in asthma?

Answer 25

They stimulate β2-adrenoceptors, leading to bronchodilation.

Question 25

Why are non-selective beta-blockers contraindicated in asthma?

Answer 25

They can block β2 receptors, causing bronchoconstriction.

Question 26

Name a common side effect of beta-agonists.

Answer 26

Tachycardia (increased heart rate).

Question 27

How do steroids help in asthma treatment?

Answer 27

They reduce inflammation in the airways.

Question 28

What device is used to measure lung volumes and airflow?

Answer 28

Spirometer.

Question 28

What is a side effect of long-term steroid use?

Answer 28

Risk of osteoporosis and adrenal suppression.

Question 29

What does a low FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?

Answer 29

Obstructive airway disease like asthma.

Question 30

Define peak flow.

Answer 30

The maximum flow rate achieved during a forceful exhalation.

Question 31

Why is accuracy important in peak flow measurement?

Answer 31

It provides information on the severity of airway obstruction.

Question 32

What is the necessity-concerns framework?

Answer 32

A model explaining medication adherence based on perceived need versus concerns.

Question 33

Describe the spirit of motivational interviewing.

Answer 33

Collaborative, empathetic, and patient-centered approach for behavior change.