case studies Flashcards
What were the primary effects of the tectonic hazard in haiti?
-220,000 people were killed
-300,000 people were injured
-the main port was badly damaged
-eight hospitals collapsed
-100,000 houses were destroyed and 200,000 were damaged
-1.3 million people became homeless
What were the secondary effects of the tectonic hazard in haiti?
-2 million people were left without food and water
-frequent power cuts occurred
-crime increased, looting became a problem and sexual violence increased
-people moved into temporary shelters
-by November 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera
What were the immediate responses of the tectonic hazard in haiti?
-Many countries responded to appeals for aid, pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel
-communication systems, air,land and sea, transport facilities, hospitals, and electrical networks have been damaged by the earthquake, which slowed rescue and aid efforts.
-there was much confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritisation in g flights further complicated relief work.
-Port-au princes morgues were quickly overwhelmed with many tens of thousands. If it’s having to be buried in mass graves.
What were the primary effects of the tectonic hazard to L’aquila, Italy?
-the earthquake caused damage to between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the medieval city of L’Aquila. A number of buildings also collapsed.
-Approximately 1,500 people were injured. Twenty of the 309 victims were children.
-overall, the European Union reported US$ 11,434 million of damage to L’Aquila
What were the secondary effects of the tectonic hazard to L’aquila, Italy?
-Aftershock triggered landslides and rock falls causing damage to housing and transport.
-The number of students at L’Aquila university has decreased.
-The lack of housing for all residents meant house prices and rents increased
-Much of the city’s CBD was cordoned off due to unsafe buildings. Some “red zones” still exist, which has reduced the amount of business, tourism and income.
What were the immediate responses of the tectonic hazard to L’aquila, Italy?
-For those made homeless, hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people and 40,000 tents were given out.
-Some train carriages were used as shelters. The priminister of Italy,Silvio berlusconi, reportedly offered some of his homes as temporary shelters.
-Within an hour, the Italian Red Cross was searching for survivors. They were helped by seven dog units, 36 ambulances and a temporary hospital. Water, hot meals, tents, and blankets were distributed.
-The British Red Cross raised 171,000 in support.
What were the long term responses of the tectonic hazard to L’aquila, Italy?
-A tor h lit procession, which took place with a catholic mass on the anniversary of the earthquake, as an act of remembrance. Residents did not have to pay taxes during 2010.
-students were given free public transport, discounts on educational equipment and were exempt from university fees for three years.
-Homes took several years to rebuild and historic centres are expected to take approximately 15 years to rebuild
What were the long term responses of the tectonic hazard to Haiti?
-The EU gave 330 million, and the world bank waived the countries debt repayments for 5 years.
-The Senegalese offered land in Senegal to any Haitians who wanted it!
-6 months after the quake, 98% of the rubble remained uncleared still blocking vital access to roads.
-The number of people in relief camps of tents and tarps since the em quake was 1.6 million, and almost no transitional housing had been built. Most of the camps had no electricity, running water, or sewage disposal, and the tents were beginning to fall apart.
-Between 23 major charities, 1.1 billion had been collected for Haiti relief efforts, but only 2 percentage of the money was released.
What is the upper course of the river tees, NorthEast England, 128km in length.
It’s source is in the pennine hills(height 893 metres) V-shaped valley, gorges, waterfalls, and interlocking spurs. High force, the UKs largest waterfall by volume when in full flow is in the upper course. An area of hard rock, called whin Sill or whinstone is located above a layer of soft rocks (sandstone and shale) and together they create this impressive waterfall.
What is the middle course of the river tees, NorthEast England, 128km in length.
U shaped valley. Meanders and ox bow lakes (erosion and deposition) gentle slopes, agricultural land. As the river tees starts to erode sideways (lateral erosion) , it forms meanders. These can be identified in the middle course near bar are castle.
What is the lower course of the river tees, NorthEast England, 128km in length.
Flat and low-lying land. Meander,levees, and flood plains (depositions landforms) mouth is the North Sea at Middlesbrough. Near Yarm, the meanders in the lower course as much larger, and oxbow lakes have formed. In this area there are also levees which have formed when the river has flooded. The river Tees has a very large estuary with mudflats and sandbanks which supports wildlife in the area. Sites such as seal sands are protected areas.
What was the jubilee relief channel management strategy?
-11.7km long flood relief channel, diverting flow away from the river Thames.
-Costs 110 million. Built to protect the expensive properties in Eton (average property price is income £750,000) and tourism in Windsor.
What were the jubilee relief channel social impacts?
-As the discharge of the river Thames between maidenshead and eton is reduced during high flow conditions, wealthy properties in maidenhead and eton are protected.
-However, this is at the expense of less affluent areas downstream at wraysbury, there was flooding here in 2014.
What were the jubilee relief channel environmental impacts?
-Habitats located below the confluence of the jubilee river and the river Thames were damaged following extensive flooding in 2014.
-The concrete weirs look unattractive and spoil the natural environment.
-Aquatic habitats are affected by algae that collected above the weirs.
What were the jubilee relief channel economic impacts?
At 330 million, it is one of the uks most expensive flood defence schemes. It is one of four planned flood relief channels. However, the EA ran out of money to complete then all. The weirs were damaged during floods in 2003, and their upkeep is expensive.
