CASE STUDIES Flashcards
TOURISM AND IT’S IMPACTS
Kenya, an LIC
ADVANTAGES: for the Maasai people
-schemes are set up to provide clean water and improve housing
-they sell crafts to tourists
-they can afford for their children to go to school.
DISADVANTAGES:
-they are not allowed to let their cattle graze in the game reserves
-they are forced to live a more permanent life.
How might tourism help a country develop?
-tourism brings in $3.5 billion to Kenya’s economy.
-can preserve local cultures and keep tradition alive (the Maasai tribe)
-local infrastructure is improved as water, roads, transport provided for tourists.
-people can access jobs that pay more in the tourism industry e.g. a hotel waiter pays 4x more than farming!
Negative impacts?
-profits often go to foreign countries such as tour companies than to the local community.
-foreign companies may bring over skilled workers so locals only get low paying jobs.
RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (NEE)
Brazil, East of South America bordering Columbia and Peru etc next to the Atlantic ocean.
Global importance:
-major supplier of coffee beans, Iron ore and crude petroleum
-amazon rainforest
-founding member of MERCOSUR a South American trade bloc (a group of countries agreeing to trade with each other)
Local importance:
-art and cultural hub
-schools, hospitals
Industrial structure:
Primary= raw materials, (farming, mining)
Secondary= manufacturing and processing, (builders)
Tertiary= services, (teacher)
Quaternary= high level research (scientists, researchers)
= more people are moving to better paid jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors as Brazil develops from an LIC
=quaternary sector may be too small to be visible on a graph eg 0.001% as Brazil isn’t developed enough
Manufacturing industry:
A strong and growing industrial sector will attract companies to invest in the country….. this could lead to more jobs and opportunities
As manufacturing industries grow, more people are employed meaning that revenue form tax increases….. therefore the government can invest that moeny back into developing the country.
TNCs:
multiplier effect
Benefits for the TNCs:
-TNC saves money as workers have a lower wage
-gain access to cheaper natural resources
Benefits for the LIC/NEE:
-higher employment
-more tax for government
-TNC develops the local infrastructure
-local people learn more skills.
Vale:
a major mining TNC that operates in 30 countries globally specialises in iron ore and nickel.
Its largest mine in Brazil is Carajas mine, the amazon rainforest
+ve for Brazil:
-Vale helps Brazil access its mineral wealth
-The Brazilian government receives Billion is tax from Vale
-Vale employs 45,000 in Brazil, mostly locals = higher wages and steadier incomes
-the Carajas mine provides 3000 jobs
-The Carajas Mine provided new transport links and the railway provided for 1,000,000 passengers in 2018
-ve for Brazil:
-Vale has been accused of polluting the local water at the mining sites
-in 2019 the Brumadinho dam burst flooding nearby villages and killing 270 people in the nearby town affecting communities over 100km away via water pollution
-workers are often exploited being paid low wages and dangerous working conditions
-Indigenous tribes clash with the Vale workers, once they took 20 people hostage!
Brazil received $429 million in aid in 2018 mostly from Germany
In 2009 rain flooded many Brazilian states and Oxfam provided temp shelters
+ve
-NGOs have developed clean water projects improving QOL
-Students are able to walk to school safely from gangs via help form Action Aid
-Brazil can now provide other countries with aid.
-ve
-corruption, some local governements use aid money for their own use
-aid hardly ever gets to rural areas eg the rainforest
-large expensive projects have failed and not helped the most deprived
-The Brazilian government uses aid money for other means eg the army
Have all Brazilians benefitted?
+ve
-the extraction of raw materials have heped certain areas in Brazil to develop
-more money is gotten for products eg coffee
-more money has been invested into the fulvelas for better living conditions
-ve
-not all places have been helped eg rural rainforest
-the mines were mined by slaves for over 100 yrs in bad conditions
-natural habitats are destroyed for mining, bad for rural farmers and tribes
A MAJOR CITY IN THE UK
London
South East of England on the River Thames
National Importance:
-biggest spending in the tourism industry of £ 36 billion
-London has the UK’s three largest airports
(Heathrow, Gatwick, Stanstead)
-London generates 1/4 of the Uk’s wealth
-The Uk’s government is based in London in the Houses of Parliament
International Importance:
-a major centre of political power the UK holds seats in the most powerful national governments eg the UN
-national centre of trade
-has great ports and airport links
-traditional leaders of finance and banking
-London hosts global sporting events such as the Olympics in 2012
London’s pop has grown through national and international migration:
-National migration via the industrial revolution in the 1800s as more jobs are available
-International migration as they are drawn to the vibrant economic core of London
China Town (an ethnic enclave)
Chinese immigrants have affected London and brought cultural change eg through Chinese New Year festivals and authentic cuisine as well as traditionally styled buildings such as the 4 gateways.
National and International migration affects the character of London:
-Niche ethnic restaurants and shops are set up (international)
-cultural festivals are seen in ethnic enclaves (international)
-pressure on public services (both)
-greater need for housing (both)
-religious buildings are built (int.)
-Entertainment venues and nightlife thrive (both)
Opportunities from urban change:
Social & Economic
-multiculturism (China Town)
-Recreation and entertainment (West End has 15,000,000 visitors a year, Hyde Park has over 4000 trees)
-employment (London is one of the leading centres of banking, headquaters of 4 of the World’s 6 largest law firms, tourism = 350,000 jobs)
-Integrated transport systems (Crossrail,Elizabeth Line purple YOUVE BEEN THERE!! connects Reading to Shenfield, Oyster card etc)
Environmental
-urban greening schemes (the planning of green spaces within a city eg flower beds, green roofs and parks)
Challenges from urban change:
Social & Economic (in poorer boroughs like Newham and Tower Hamlets)
urban deprivation
-housing inequalities (smaller simpler housing)
-education ( only 0-10% of the NE London go onto higher education, 21-30% on the wealthier outskirts)
-health (life exp is 10 yrs lower in East London)
-employment (higher unemployment in Tower Hamlet and the East of London)
West is Best
Environmental
-dereliction
-building on brownfield and greenfield sites to accommodate rising pop.
-waste disposal and air pollution
What impact does urban sprawl have on the rural-urban fringe?
Loss of land and habitat as new buildings, homes, roads and railways are built in the commuter belt. Increased light pollution around London. Increased noise pollution. Increased traffic congestion and air pollution in once countryside areas.
Why have commuter settlements grown?
As London’s population and housing costs increase, more people relocate to commuter settlements beyond the green belt to save money and just travel into London for work.
*see case study of London Olympic Park 2012
A MEGACITY IN AN NEE
Rio De Janeiro
SE coastline East of Sâo Paulo
Part of the Golden Triangle (economic core) (Belo Horizonte, Sâo Paulo, Rio De Janeiro)
National importance:
-cultural capital of Brazil
-Rio produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP
International Importance:
-hosted 2016 Olympics
-Christ the redeemer statue (tourism)
Rio’s population growth:
Push (rural)
-in rural Brazil 1/4 homes don’t have electricity
-fewer jobs
-35% rural pop don’t have mains water supply
Pull (Rio)
-lots more jobs
-99% of Urban Brazil have access to electricity
-95% Rio pop have access to mains water supply
& natural increase (younger people, child bearing age) (poorer families have more children to provide more money)
Opportunities in Rio:
-more jobs
-access to better healthcare and education
-better water supply and electricity
Challenges in Rio:
-favela (see Favela Bairro Project and the Complexo de Alemao)
-waste and air pollution
-traffic congestion
See the Urban planning scheme case study
** Favela Bairro Project**
Urban Planning Scheme
Favela Bairro Project
Favela: illegal settlements where people have built on land they don’t own, areas of great social deprivation
Challenges of Favelas:
-violence and gangs
-poorly built houses
-most located in dangerous areas (steep slopes)
-high murder rate
-health problems form lack of sanitation and health care
Opportunities :
-more jobs than in rural areas
-community spirit
Fulvela Bairro Project 1994-2008
- recognise the favelas as neighbourhoods in their own right and provide residents with essential services
- provide land and services for residents to build better homes
(Seen in Complexo De Alemao)
How is it improving the QOL for residents?:
-police patrols to control crime
-wider, paved and formally named roads for better health and safety
-access to water and drainage system for better sanitation
-hillsides secured less chance of landslides
-cable car system over hillsides and 1 free return
-access to credit for people to build new homes
Disadvantages:
-the $1 billion budget may not cover every favela
-the new infrastructure is not being maintained, residents lack the skills to make repairs
-more training is needed to improve literacy and employment
- rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
URBAN REGENERATION PROJECT
London Olympic Park
2012
East London, lies on the River Lea in the Lower Lea Valley. surrounded by the poorest boroughs in London,
Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney etc
The London Olympic Park promised to leave a lasting +ve impact which helped win them the bid
Regeneration: the long term improvement of an area to bring change
Why did the Lower Lea Valley need regeneration?
-it used to be one of the main industrial sites in London, many of the industries left leaving derelict factories and contaminated ground.
Main features of the Olympic Park:
-East Village (The Athlete’s village was used to provide 2,800 homes, more shops, schools and transport routes)
-The Aquatics centre and Velo Park (2 new sports centres used by the public and schools)
-Olympic stadium (now hosts the West Ham United FC)
-Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (with over 100 hectares of space it’s the largest new park in London in over a century)
+ve impacts:
+ it provided 2800 new homes, 40% of which were ‘affordable’ with a range from 1 bedroom apartments to 4 bedroom houses
+ new school set up for ages 3 to 18
+ new facilities including Westfield Stratford City (shopping centre) and Here East (technology park)
+ brought life to unused brownfield site
-rising house prices/ rent due to the improved community, which forced some residents out
-wildlife had to be relocated (around 4000 newts and 100 toads, and also fish)
-the games themself had a negative environmental impact (3.3 million tonnes of CO2 produced) and much of the material used to build Olympic park had to be shipped in from abroad
Sustainable living
BedZED, Southwest London
net zero carbon emissions
Water consumption:
Grey water recycling = used for toilet flushing and garden irrigation after filtration suing reed beds
permeable surfaces = allow water to filter back into the water table, reducing urban runoff and helping prevent localised flooding.
Energy consumption:
Solar panels = provide electricity for heating & appliances
Green Spaces:
Green roofs = provide habitats for plants and wildlife, increased biodiversity.
LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Lynford House Farm, East England
An agribusiness that has high chemical and mechanical input
large arable (crop) farm of 570 hectares
ADVANTAGES:
-maximised productivity and very high yield
-allows the UK to be less import reliant
-a 54million L reservoir helps tackle local droughts
DISADVANTAGES:
-less ecofriendly with high use of chemical pesticides
-destroyed habitat to make way for farmland LESS biodiversity
-machinery costs are high
-only employs a small number of workers
LOCAL SUSTAINABLE SCHEME OF FOOD PRODUCTION
Kibera slum, Kenya LIC
one of the largest slums in Kenya
Scheme: Urban farming using sack gardens = residents grow vegetables in large sacks filled with soil and compost like Kale
-small holes in the sides allow multiple plants to grow vertically
-uses wastewater for irrigation
-very cheap and space efficient, ideal for crowded urban areas
-low water use and locals can use independently
= increased food security and low environmental impact
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE:
-low cost
-easy to use and maintain
-uses local resources less imported needs
-environmentally friendly
SCIENCE PARK
Exeter science park, SW of england at the junction 29 of the M5, close to Exeter airport
Basic facts:
-opened spring 2015 offering 80,000 sq ft of bespoke offices and laboratory facilities
-cafe and fitness facilities
-Member of UKSPA science park association
-home to companies like the METoffice
the regional development agency aimed to spread wealth across the UK away from London spreading highly paying companies
ADVANTAGES OF ITS LOCATION:
+ve great transport links, Junction 29 of M5 and Exeter airport
+ve greenfield site so no demolition costs
+ve local services like IKEA and the countryside improve worker’s QOL
ADVANTAGES OF THE SCIENCE PARK FOR UK ECONOMY:
-High wage high skilled jobs are brought
-multiplier effect
-brain gain from other countries
-high income businesses bring lots of tax revenue for the government
HOW INDUSTRY IS BECOMING MORE SUSTAINABLE
Quarrying industry, Portland
-Portland limestone is highly valued and very resistant to weathering
-it is pure and consistent perfect for carving and use for ornate buildings
-limestone is now extracted from large-scale open cast quarries using explosives and machinery
-currently 4 open quarries on Portland
-employ 80 people on the island
ISSUES:
–noise pollution of machinery
-visual pollution of open casts
-ve health impacts on locals = respiratory issues
-completely destroys natural habitats
-dangerous especially for children, trip hazards
-due to explosions nearby buildings become cracked
HOW IS LIMESTONE QUARRYING BECOMING MORE SUSTAINABLE?
-all vehicles are washed before leaving quarry = less transfer of dust around the island
-bushes and trees planted around quarry = reduces visual pollution and more safety at edges
-public education = deliver safety lessons to primary school kids
-mining instead of quarrying = preserving landscape above, the special area of conservation at the Southern end of island can be ept free of quarries
RURAL CHANGES IN THE UK
Outer Hebrides, NW of Scotland, in the N Atlantic ocean
POPULATION DECLINE
declined by 33% from 1901 to 2011
the younger economically active are leaving
CAUSES:
-The island is remote with little job availability and internet connection
-harsh weather and cold winters
-aging population and small numbers of young people
-young people cannot afford the high cost housing
-lack of healthcare and education services
-high cost fuels and lack of affordable housing due to tourists and 2nd homes
RURAL CHANGES IN THE UK
South Cambridgeshire, south of Cambridgeshire, North of London
POPULATION INCREASE
increased due to inward migration is est. to be 182,000 by 2030
increased migrant workers 23% more from Eastern Europe
CAUSES:
-the landscape is generic beautiful countryside
-gentler landscape with warmest, driest climate in the UK
-productive farming
-near to the economic core of the UK, London
-commutable distance to London via the M11
-good schools
-Close to Cambridge and high paying jobs
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL IMPACTS
-ve lack of affordable housing means young people have to live with their parents until their 30s
-ve high car ownership means high traffic on country lanes
-ve local businesses decline as commuters use services in places where they work
