case studies Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What was Germany like before the re-unification
A
Germany was divided into 2 after WW2
Capitalist west and communist east Germany. The 2 countries had separate laws , legal and governmental systems and different currencies .
East Germans could not travel to the west
2
Q
When was the German re-unification and what happened in it
A
- Re-unification happened in 1990
- A referendum was held and many voted for a re-unification
- East Germany adopted west Germanys practises
There was a major expenditure on:
. upgrading all motorways and main roads
. A plan to create a new electrified rail network
. Subsidies and tax breaks designed to attract investment to the east
. converted the east currencies which is low value for 1:1
3
Q
Where did the money for the German re-unification happen and was it successful
A
There was a 5.5% solidarity tax paid by middle and high earners that was generally supported by tax payers
East has improved and the region is wealthier than some places in northern England
4
Q
Where is San Francisco located
and what is the population size
A
San Francisco is located in northern California on the west coast of America
Second most densely populated city in the USA (after NYC). Home to around 8.7 million
5
Q
Why is San Francisco a successful place
A
- Home to 290 billionaires
- Attracts large companies
- 50,000 technology firms who have highly skilled staff who have high wages
- Average household incomes are $90,000 double the national average
- Unemployment rates are 1.2% and 65% of people have a degree or higher
- Hosts the USA largest pride celebrations
- High speed rail line covering 400 miles from San Francisco to Los Angeles
6
Q
Why is San Francisco not a successful place
A
- Many less affluent residence are being priced out and evicted
- Housing prices average at $450,000 (2nd highest in the USA)
- Large social class divide
- Not enough houses for demand resulting in homelessness
7
Q
Where is Berkshire
A
Berkshire is a county to the east of London
8
Q
Why is Berkshire successful
A
- Underground connection to London via the Elizabeth line from Reading
- Average wages are £32,600 comapred to national average of £25,800
- 13 of the largest TNCs have offices in the county
- Region makes a net contribution (GVA) of £30 billion to UK economy
- County ranks 7/146 for GCSE results
- Unemployment 2%
9
Q
Why is Berkshire an unsuccessful place
A
- Has some of the most expensive house prices
10
Q
Why was Detroit know as the motor city
A
High levels of Motor mechanics and they have the homes of HQ and Ford
11
Q
What has happened to Detroit in the present day?
A
- 1961 population peaked at 1.2 million to 525,000 to now
- 2008 unemployment was over 20%
- 25% of all land in city boundary’s now derelict
- Highest murder rates in USA
- 100 schools closed since 2005
12
Q
What are the examples of the Rural and Urban unsuccessful place in the rust belt
A
Rural- Beattyville in Kentucky
Urban - Detroit
13
Q
What are the reasons for Beattyville’s decline
A
- Americas poorest predominantly white town
- Coal industry decline (Beattyville was known as the ‘coal country’)
- opioid addiction is a major problem also fentanyl
- Most trade has moved to Asian country’s
- No regeneration or investment in the area
14
Q
What is are the economic and environmental impacts of Beattyville’s decline
A
Economic - Median household income of $12,000 compared to national average of $54,000
- Towns poverty rate 44% above the national average
- 1/2 families bellow the poverty line
Environmental - Large factories and warehouses have been left without purpose. 26 former factories in a 10 mile radius with no use
- Natural landscape scarred by the extent of former metal extraction
15
Q
What are the social impacts of Beattyville’s decline
A
- 81% voted for Donald Trump
- Only 5% of people have college degrees
- 1/3 of teenagers did not graduate
- opioid addictions
- Overdoses of Fentanyl kill over 10,000 Americans a year
- Life expectancy 8 years bellow average
16
Q
What is an example of a reinventor region and why did it decline in the first place
A
High tec employment in Oxfordshire
The agriculture collapse and the car manufacturing collapse in the early 1980s led to above average unemployment
17
Q
What are the reasons for success in Oxfordshire
A
- Now 1,800 high tec businesses providing 42,000 jobs
- Highest growth rate of hi-tec business
- Links with world class research (Oxford Uni)
- Attractive environment such as the Cotswold
- Large skilled workforce
18
Q
What is an example of a replicator city
Why did it decline
A
Call centres in Newcastle
- Decline in the steel and ship making industry creating job losses
- Not as much investment as the south of England etc
19
Q
What are is one of the reasons Newcastle hasn’t regenerated
why do these companies choose this location
A
Due to the companies such as British airways, AA etc have their call centres located in Newcastle
- Lowest average weekly wage in the UK. People in the call centres earn an average £15,500 a year
- Sickness absence is lowest in UK
- Available workforce due to high unemployment
- Land and property amongst the cheapest in the UK
- Reputation for friendliness and good telephone manner
20
Q
What is Grampound in Cornwall an example of and what is some context behind it
A
Example of local community engagement
- Population of around 600
- Most are fairly affluent living in houses averaging £270,000
- Came 2nd overall in ‘UKs best community’ competition
21
Q
Why is Grampound in Cornwall one of the country’s best community’s
A
- Clubs and society’s for all backgrounds (14 clubs and organisations )
- Thriving carnival every September
- Turnout for the parish and county council elections is higher than the national average (People are willing to stand for elections)
- The locals decided to open a community shop and coffee shop owned and run by the village raising over £50,000
22
Q
Why might the level of community engagement in Grampound be unlikely in a large city or areas of deprivation
A
- In a large city there are millions of people and its hard to get everyone involved
- Small populations can see change quicker compared to cites
- People who are deprived may not have time or motivation to take part due to stresses
- They also may not have skills and money to set up organisations (Legal side or people to volunteer)
23
Q
What is the HS2 and what are the details about it
A
- High speed railway connecting the country’s biggest cities
- First phase London-Birmingham (started in 2017,finish approx. 2030)
- Second phase connecting the North has been cancelled
- Cost could be as high as £106bn - 89% higher than planned
- Project first proposed in 2010 but has proved to be very controversial and difficult
24
Q
What is the HS2 an example of
A
Government role in regeneration
25
What are the positives of the HS2
- The project could create 100,000 jobs for people around the country
- People could get to London in record times increasing the number of visitors
- Cutting journey times and congestion on the roads due to lowering the amount of cars on our roads
- As the UK is falling behind in transport systems we must upgrade our systems
26
What are the negatives of the HS2
- Tracks will run through thousands of fields and farms ruining areas of natural beauty
- Cost is most likely to be over £100 billion (due to high cost of land) which could be spent on other things
- Existing buildings, shops, houses, offices etc will have to be knocked down meaning many people will be displaced from there homes with no choice
- Trains run at 250mph which is very dangerous as there are many places with pedestrian/car crossings
27
What are some examples of stakeholders on the HS2
- Former secretary of transport (Chris grayling MP)
- CEO of East midlands airport (Karen Smart)
- Yorkshire Farmer (Sam burton)
- Local resident and Nurse (Lisa Wyman)
28
What stake holders are For the HS2 and what are the reasons
Former sectary of transport (Chris Grayling) - He says 'High speed rail is vital beyond Birmingham' and 'We need the HS2 more than ever'
Reasons: - It will boost our regional and national economies
- North will be better than the south
- Create thousands of jobs
- Economy will pay back £55bn cost (before increase to £106bn)
CEO of east midlands airport (Karen Smart) - Reasons : increase the number of people using the airport
- Project will unite the East midlands 3 largest cities (Very rare)
- Region has been left behind historically in regeneration
29
What stakeholders of the HS2 are against and why
Yorkshire farmer (Sam Burton) - He blocked access for the HS2 as it is disrupting faming
Reasons: - Compensation for farmers is to low
- The government is tacking more land than originally claimed
- Farmland is being destroyed
- Farmers feel as if they have no support
Local resident and Nurse (Lisa Wyman) - Reasons: Outrageous cost of £106 billion
- Money could be used to help the state of the NHS
- NHS is more important than the HS2
30
Why is there a need to build the 3rd runway at Heathrow
- 3rd busiest airport in the world
- Running at 99% capacity
- European competitors have more runways and destinations (Amsterdam = 6 runways and 247 destinations but Heathrow only has 2 runways and 162 destinations)
- Planes are queuing for lengths of time meaning airlines loose money
31
What are the arguments for building a third runway at Heathrow
- It will boost the economy - It will be worth 7bn/year to the economy and create thousands of jobs
- Heathrow needs more capacity - Runs at 99% and there's a threat to be overtaken by competitors
- There's no alternatives - Building a new airport is not feasible
- Pollution concerns are overplayed - Pollution will be monitored and new tec means planes are quieter and less polluting
32
What did the chandler of exchequer say in January 2025
What is her name
Racheal reives
She confirmed the building of the the 3rd runway at Heathrow airport
33
What are the arguments against a 3rd runway at Heathrow
- We need to reduce, not increase emissions - Heathrow makes up 6% of all emissions
- Health of Londoners at risk - Suggested levels of nitrogen oxide and noise pollutant limits
- Economic case overstated - Demand for flying is predicted to fall
- Impact on local area - Sipson a village of 700 houses will be demolished along with hundreds of acres of green belt
- Awful location - Flight path over large capital city
34
What are the government proposing to overcome the housing crisis
- Build affordable homes- so younger people have a chance of getting on the property ladder. All new developments must have at least 30% affordable housing
- Reconsider green belt land- e.g. more of Surrey are golf courses than houses
- Building 1.5 million new homes in the next 5 years
- Simplified planning process and harder to protest building
- 2nd homes are able to be charged more council tax
35
How is the house prices effecting people of the UK
- Many people are struggling to feed family’s due to the rise in mortgages/rent
- Many people are being evicted due to missing rent
- Foreign investors buying but not living in houses
- People living in temporary accommodation for months due to lack of social housing
- Social housing is usually under kept etc
36
What are the arguments in favour of fracking
- Access to more gas and oil
- Reduced dependency on foreign oil
- plenty of Jobs
- Lower Taxes
37
Where is Kirby Misperton and some facts about it
North Yorkshire
- Population of 370 in 2011
- In 2013 a oil company had an application for shale gas tests (For fracking) adjacent to the village which was proved by the National government and Yorkshire count council
- Received 4375 letters of objection and only 36 in support
38
What are the examples of government roles in regeneration
- HS2
- Kirby Misperton
- 3rd Runway at Heathrow airport
- Housing crisis
- London 2012 Olympics
39
Who supports Fracking in Kirby Misperton
- North Yorkshire county council voted 7 to 4 in favour as they would receive tax revue
- David Cameron then PM stated government policy was all out for shale
- Andrea Leadsom the energy minister said "fracking is a fantastic opportunity. Its good for jobs, the economy and our energy security
40
What are the arguments against Fracking
- Any form on gas is still a fossil fuel and burning it is at odds with efforts to reduce carbon admissions
- Concerns as it could contaminate the water table
- Noise and emissions caused by machinery required to bring water to Fracking sites
- Costs billions of pounds due to high tec machinery and huge infrastructure
41
What were some reasons the 2012 Olympics was handed to London
- Political reasons - The French president insulted the Finish and other Scandinavian delegated (who then voted for London)
- Youth engagement in sport
- Financial - they had full government backing
- Facilities - They had many facilities but also regenerated Stratford
- Multiculturalism and sustainability
42
What was the area of Stratford like before the Olympics
- High levels of poverty (one of the most deprived parts of London)
- Average family income of £28,000 (£9000 under London)
- Unemployment at 7.8% which was higher than London
- 37% poverty rate
- Low achievement at school in term of GCSE points
43
How did the Olympics regenerate Stratford
- More green space/parks
- Aquatics centre
- 9000 new homes
- International train station
- Football stadium (West ham)
- 400 new businesses
- Luxury apartments
44
What were some of the criticisms of the London 2012 Olympics
- Many Jobs created were only temporary or unskilled and poorly paid
- House prices in Stratford increased by 319% to £545,250
- 80 businesses in Stratford were forced to move to make room to build the park
- How can the government can find money to host the Olympics but not regenerate the North?
45
What is the current problem in regards to hosting the Olympics and other major sporting events
It is a major problem getting countries to bid for major sporting events
e.g. Brisbane 2032 only hosting because nobody else bid
46
Why was the legacy of the London 2012 Olympics criticised
- Many displaced by the Olympics - Clays lane housing estate home to 450 was compulsory purchased in 2007. Many old tenants had to live in temporary accommodation struggling to meet ends meet and can no longer afford housing back in Clays lane.
- London Olympics has brought regeneration at a price locals cannot afford - Little affordable housing after promised 50%. 5 towers built in Stratford only contain 8% affordable housing. Housing over 9x average house prices
47
How was the London 2012 Olympics legacy praised
- Many felt they were apart of history
- Infrastructure improvements outpost of the capital have been phenomenal
- Brought more than £9bn of investment into East London. Much of it went into transport
- New Stratford underground station
48
How has the legacy of the London 2012 Olympics impacted people/businesses positively and negatively
. Positively - Volunteers in the Olympics gained experience
- Regeneration of facilities impressing tourists and athletes
- Transport links of the highest qualities
- Olympic park bringing joy to locals
- Westfield shopping centre being the largest in Europe is good for businesses as there's many workers to hire and lots of profit made
. Negatives - Many west ham fans unhappy with the move to the Olympic stadium
- Area is more expensive
- Erasing unwealthy locals from the image of London
- People displaced from there homes and put in temporary accommodation miles away and cannot afford to move back
49
What are examples of 2 urban rebranding places
- Liverpool
- Glasgow
50
What was the reasons for decline in Liverpool
And what was stripped from them due to rebranding
Deindustrialisation leaving mass unemployment
UNESCO world heritage site along the river Mersey label stripped (2nd ever stripped)
51
What are some regeneration strategies in Liverpool
- Creation of thousands of of waterside apartments along the river Mersey
- Atlantic gateway supports proposals for investment to HS2
- Upgrading of infrastructure in North-West England
52
What are some examples of rebranding in Liverpool
- Much of the land now built up and regenerated was waste land now used in the Atlantic gateway
- New Everton FC stadium
- Docs on the River Mersey
53
What where the causes of decline in Glasgow
- Decline of the ship industry (due to overseas competition and deindustrialisation) that supported the whole region
- Unemployment rates in the 80's/90's were 28% (UK average is 12%)
- 1970's/early 80's coal mining, engine factory's and other heavy industries went out of business
54
What are some examples of regeneration strategies in Glasgow
- Regeneration of the river Clyde corridor
Bold structures such as Glasgow science centre and the Imax cinema etc. altered the water front
- Hosted the commonwealth games in 2014
- New business districts with modern residential and office space have replaced empty yards
- Lots of famous architecture
55
What are some examples of rebranding in Glasgow
- Investment from private planners/investors has allowed homes and local facilities to be built along the river
- BBC headquarters for Scotland's radio and TV opened in Glasgow in 2007
- Hosted the Commonwealth games in 2014
56
What is Coalville and example of
An urban area of decline that is rebranding
57
What is the reason for Coalville’s decline
Decline of the coal industry due to many factors such as
- pits became exhausted and unworkable
- cheap imports from abroad despite investments
- The goverment cancelled investments due to no longer making profits
- Many pits lacked modern infrastructure to be efficient enough for demand
58
What are the Social and Economic impacts of the decline of Coalville
Social - 5000 job losses
- unemployment rate of 40% at the worst time
- Ex coalfield sites tend to have high levels of ill health mostly long-term
- Many couldn’t get new jobs due to poor education levels
- Tight knit communities have seen social breakdown
Economic - local economy lost over £100 million
- 6 major mines lost over an 8 year period
- Major unemployment causing poverty
59
What are the environmental impacts of Coalville’s decline
Concerns over abandoned and diused pits
- Dangerously acidic water that may contain high concentrations of dissolved minerals and metals
- Large areas of wasteland
- Wiped out any local diversity due to low air quality and landscape
- Derilict land costly to regenerate
60
What was the aim of the national forest
where is it
To increase the number of trees/greenspace from 9% forest. to regenerate the area but also increase biodiversity and education
North east Leicestershire, Burton
61
Where are some examples the National forest has regenerated/created
- Burton woodlands
- Visitor centre near Ashby
- Ashby canal
- Snibston colliery
- Conkers outdoor centre
- Moira furnace
62
How has the national forest regenerated/created
- Burton woodlands
- Visitor centre near Ashby
Burton woodlands - 1 million trees have been planted here
- Sporting facilities to encourage locals to get outdoors
Visitor centre near Ashby - 2 million trees planted alongside a new lake, hotel, woodland cabins and visitor centre used for education etc
63
How has the national forest regenerated/created
- Ashby canal
- Bradgate park
- Snibston colliery
Ashby canal - Canal is used for leisurely boat rides across the county and in forested areas instead of to transport coal
Bradgate park - iconic local park has been made part of the national park along with nearby woodlands.
- Leicestershire's most popular attraction
Snibston colliery (former coal mine) - Was set up as a discovery park educating visitors about the heritage of the area
- Closed in 2015
64
How has the national forest regenerated/created
- Conkers outdoor centre
- Moira furnace
Conkers outdoor centre - Award winning family attraction close to Ashby
- The site includes lakes, tree climbing, picnic areas and exhibitions
Moira furnace - Former industrial site that has been turned into a community heritage centre
- Visitors are educated about the history of the area. They can also eat, shop and take boat rides along the canal
65
What has the national forest achieved so far
- Increase in trees planted (over 3 million)
- More education in the area
- Regeneration of the area (tourist attractions, greenspace etc)
66
How has Stonehurst farm become diversified
It was originally mixed used farm raising livestock and growing crops however it now also:
- Visitor attraction with pony rides, tractor rides, cuddles with animals etc all available
- Motor museum containing old tractors, cars, bikes etc associated with farming
- Farm won the Leicestershire tourism award for best visitor experience in 2000/2001
- A thriving café and Michelin star restaurant Johns house
67
Where is Longnor and what is the population
In the south peak district, 35 minutes away from leak and 45 minutes away from Burton
NE of Stoke on Trent
population of 222 but has dropped since the 1851 census of 561
68
What has caused the decline of population in Longnor and explain
. Poor public transport - 1 bus to leak and only 3 to Burton per day. School children have to be bussed to leak. Services cut and poor road infrastructure
. Lack of affordable housing - Many council houses have been sold off. And many are now second/holiday homes
. Poor upkeep of buildings - The need for renovation is often not met because of high costs and many buildings are left deteriorating
.Outward migration of young people - only 10 people in there 20s. Struggles to attract young families and keep young workers in the area
69
What were some schemes in Longnore that attempted to regenerate but failed
- Integrated rural development fund (EU) : set up a clock factory (went bust in 1993)
- Rural development commission : Build shops (failed) and build a climbing wall for local school (No longer there)
- Coventry churches housing association : Built 14 new houses in Longnor for young families but they were unaffordable
70
What are the save Longnor stratigies to help regeneration
- Camping and caravan sites to boost tourism. This gives part-time/seasonal work
- Affordable housing. Giving younger families opportunities to move in
- Upgrade transport infrastructure. Buses help young and elderly to travel
No economic benefit
- Diversify local farms. To attract tourists and people to move to Longnor
71
Why does Cornwall need rebranding
- Housing and homelessness
- Rural isolation and transport infrastructure
- Education issues
- Seasonal employment
- Also average salary is £14,500
- 1/4 children live in poverty
72
Why is Housing and homelessness a problem in Cornwall
. Housing and Homelessness
- 3rd highest homelessness rate in the country
- No access to affordable hosing due to high house prices
- Demand is creating 'hot spots' pushing house prices up and locals out
- Largest house price to earnings ratio 18:1
73
Why is rural isolation and transport infrastructure a problem in Cornwall
- Isolated and poorly connected to the rest of the south
- Only one stretch of motorway to North resulting in many hours of travel/delays
- Poor infrastructure not attractive to investors and businesses (led to many young people leaving)
74
Why are education issues a problem in Cornwall
- 22% of the population have no formal qualifications leading to low earnings/ jobs
- Access to higher education is still unattainable for some
- People with high level qualifications usually look to leave the region ('brain drain')
75
Why is seasonal employment a problem in Cornwall
- Many jobs are seasonal and low pay whilst others are on zero hour or short-term contracts
- 42% employees earn bellow the living wage. In south east England its 39%
- High proportion in primary and service industries such as accommodation, food etc
- Winter has limited jobs but many in the summer
76
What are the positives and negatives of the Newquay aerospace hub in Cornwall?
Positives:
- Created 400 jobs
- Obtained an enterprise zone status
- 17 new businesses
Negatives:
- Not reached there targets (e.g. jobs etc)
- Some businesses relocated from others to take advantages of tax breaks
- Direct flights to London have gone (Flybe went bust in 2023)
77
Explain the ways in which Cornwall has tried to rebrand
- Farm diversification = Many shops and farm shops sell specially branded 'Cornish' food and drink
- Foodie restaurants = Restaurants in areas such as Padstow have restaurants opened by famous chefs
- Spectacular gardens = Victorian ancestors travelled and returned with exotic plants that have thrived in the Cornish environment (Eden garden)
- Outdoor pursuits= such as rock climbing and surfing. Cornwall has excellent waves for water sports
78
How do you Asses the success of regeneration and how are they measured
- Economic measures = Employment , income and poverty
- social measures = . Reductions in inequalities between areas and within them
. Improvement in social measures of deprivation
. Demographic changes e.g. improvement in life expectancy etc
- Environmental measures = reduction in pollution levels
. Reduction in abandoned and derelict land
. security and safety (e.g. pedestrian zones)
. Tackling environmental stressors (e.g. graffiti and littler)
79
How has the Gorbals, Glasgow show economic measures of regeneration success
- There was lots of poverty, overcrowding and poor public amenities in many old Victorian houses and tower blocks
- One of most deprived places in the UK
- Crown regeneration project aimed to redevelop these houses and tower blocks giving them a more attractive and modern design
- Unemployment fell by 31%
- 'Income deprived' fell by 35%
- People on welfare benefits decreased by 30%
- Average incomes increased by £6000
80
How has the Family health initiative in Belfast Northern Island showed social success of regeneration
- Aims to reduces obesity by promoting healthy diets in the UKs poorest areas. 22.7% of 1st year primary school children in these areas are overweight 10.7% classes as obese
- Funded by the NHS, EU and local authorities
- 8 week programs for families of 0-5 year olds, 10 week programmes for families with 8-11 year olds
- 192 families completed the initial plot scheme
- 96% tried new foods as a result
- 68% recorded an increase in physical activity
- 36% recorded and improved self perception
81
How has the Leicester waterside regeneration scheme showed environmental success of regeneration
- It aims to transform 150 acres of largely run down former industrial site to create a vibrant and thriving neighbourhood with new homes, workspaces and bring new investment
- Planting of 10,000 trees
- Cycle lanes on every street
- cleaning of the canal water and walkways surrounding it
- Two new green spaces/public parks
82
What case study's can you sue to show regeneration causing conflict
London docklands
Batley city challenge
Gentrification in Notting hill
plus more (Berkshire, London Olympics in Stratford etc)
83
Why and what was the regeneration scheme in London docklands and how did it show regeneration can cause conflict
- Once the busiest port in the world and was largely derelict
- Unemployment was 20%
- 1982 London docklands development corporation (LDDC ) regenerated the port
and created:
. 8,000 jobs, light railway, short haul airport (London city)
- Average wages in Canary Warf are now £85,000
Original residence were pushed out due to being low skilled, low paid etc and also Southern end of the isle of dogs is still deprives (10 min train journey)
84
Why and what was the regeneration scheme in Batley city and how does it show regeneration can cause conflict?
10km south of Leeds and Bradford ]
Happened between 1993-2008
- Centre consisted of old industrial textile sites and unemployment was 17.5%
- Crime rates 2x average and infant mortality 3X average
Batley was awarded £37.5 mill and £100 mill from private investment
- New link road to the M1
- Tec college opened providing training to the unemployed
-500 buildings redeveloped and created Yorkshire mill shopping centre
Local retailers are still loosing out from out of town shopping centres in Leeds etc
85
Why and what is the gentrification in Notting hill and how does it show regeneration can cause conflict
- Had large numbers of migrants from west indies who predominantly were low skilled
- Culture clashes resulting in high crime rates
- Viewed as one of the capitals most undesirable areas
- Run down properties were renovated
- property price became enormously high (benefited people who brough a house in low prices)
- Expensive clothes shops/antique dealers etc
- Populated by high professionals
Many low skilled long term locals pushed out by high prices etc
