Case Studies Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
River citarum pollution causes
A
10 million people live along the river and produce up to 10 tonnes of rubbish every day
2
Q
Industrial area near River Citrum
A
Bandung
3
Q
Citrum effects of rubbish on marine life
A
60% of fish died
4
Q
Citarum river disease
A
Skin rachis
Diahrea
5
Q
Water pollution Citrum river
A
Water very acidic pH 5.5
Water yellow/red/black
Drinking water contaminated
Mercury and lead in the water
6
Q
Species river citarum
A
Dead goats found in the river
Disastrous as Indonesia holds w0% of the world species
7
Q
Management river Citrum
A
Waste water legislation, 2009
Locals block up factories
Un pressure the gov
Protests in the last 10 years
8
Q
Soil erosion
A
Ethiopia
9
Q
Ethiopia problem
A
Leading to famine
400,000 deaths due to soil erosion which means many farmers can’t farm
10
Q
Desertification
A
Spain
11
Q
Spain problems
A
1/5 of the land is at risk of turning into dessert
31.5% of the land is already affected
forest fires in Galicia
12
Q
Location affected by Global warming
A
Bangladesh
13
Q
Bangladesh problems
A
Low land Dhaka temp +2°C Extreme temperatures Droughts in dry seasons Increasing salinity
14
Q
Air atmospheric pollution
A
Madrid
15
Q
Madrid problems
A
Nitrogen dioxide - traffic
Sierra Norte very contaminated
Gran via restricted to public transport
16
Q
Noise pollution
A
Mumbai
17
Q
Mumbai
A
Noisiest city in the World
Awaaz foundation works for noise-pollution laws
Noise can reach 86dB
18
Q
Visual pollution
A
Mumbai
19
Q
Mumbai 👀
A
Overcrowding
Electrical communication cables hang above roads
20
Q
Expensive housing in Madrid
A
2017- first 6 months prices went up by 7.7%
Houses built in the outskirts las tablas and las Rozas
21
Q
Madrid extra travels time
A
105 hours per year
22
Q
Madrid increasing population
A
1.4% per year
23
Q
MDrid people per sq I’m in Madrid
A
5400 people per sq km
24
Q
Visitors Madrid
A
5.74 million per year
25
Settlement hierarchy
79.4% of Spain’s population live in cities
26
Over population
Nigeria
27
Nigeria problems
Food shortages in Yola
Kano normal for 50 people to share living spaces
Lagos recorded over 58,000 cases of theft in 2016
2/3 of Lagos population live in slums
Port Harcourt since 2016 a cloud of dust covers the city
28
Nigeria population increase rate
2.7%
29
Nigeria population
180 million
30
Under population
Australia
31
Australia populations
Similar size than the Us but has a population of 20 million, us 300 million
32
Australia people live
90% in the top 10 biggest cities
33
Australia main agricultural products
Wheat, sugarcane, cattle, sheep
34
Australia people per km 2
3 people per km 2
| World average 53
35
Australia climate
One of the driest places on earth
Many inhospitable environments
Pooginagoric has suffered from 90% crop loss
36
Australia cattle grazing
Cover 35% of the country
37
Australia problems
43% of the labour force is due to retire in the next 20 years
28.3% of the population is born overseas
Migration needed to fill workforce gaps
2011-2012: 29,018 migrants from India
38
Population decline
Russia
| Specially in areas in the west such as Karelia
39
Russia fertility rate
1.7
40
Russia’s labour force
Expected to shrink by 15%
41
Abortions Russia
In 2001, 1.31 million children were born in Russia while 2.11 million were aborted
42
Increasing population
Niger
43
Niger contraception
12% of women used in 2010
| A women living outside Zinder used to think it caused haemorrhages
44
Niger hunger
Only 12% of the land receives enough rainfall to maintain agriculture
10% of children under 5 suffer from accute malnutrition
45
Niger causes of increase
Polygamous men
| Women try to prove their value by outgoing each other in the number of children
46
One child policy
China
47
One child policy creation
1979
48
Regulations one child policy
Men had to be over 22 and women over 20 to have a child
49
One child policy how has it reduced the world population
Reduced the worlds population by 250 million
50
One child policy changes
2013- single parents could have children
| 2015 - released two children
51
Social impact one child policy
| Fm vs m
114 m for every 100 fm aged between 0-4
Normally 105m are born for every 100fm
Preference for males
52
Economic impacts of one child policy
10% of jobs could be infilled
| China’s labour force aged 20-24 will be cut by 50% between 2010-2020
53
Environmental impacts of one child policy
Sulphur dioxide emissions- 17.6%
| Prevented 137m-200m tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere
54
Composite volcano
Montserrat
55
Location of Montserrat
Caribbean
56
Date of eruption
20th of July 1999
57
Social effects volcano deaths
23
58
Inhospitable bc of volcano
2/3 of the island
59
Displacement Montserrat
5000 had to live in temporary shelters
| Temporary homes in St Johns
60
Unemployment Montserrat
From 7%-50%
61
Infrastructure destroyed Montserrat
Bramble airport
62
Montserrat responses
Little bay port was built to replace Playmouths facilities
63
Earthquake
Haiti
64
Magnitude of Earthquake
7.0
65
Haiti earthquake causes
Carrabbeam and North American plate slippage
66
Haiti affected, injured, made homeless
300,000 injured
3 million affected
1.3 million made homeless
67
GDP effect
Shrank by 5.1%
68
Buildings destroyed Haiti
60% of gov & administrative buildings.
| Airport and port
69
Responses Haiti short term
Dominican Republic supplies it with emergency water and medical supplies
Red Cross temporary field hospitals
Iceland sent emergency rescue teams
Money pledged through mobile phones
70
Response Haiti long term
236 consultation teams were trained to build new building which have better fire protection
3/4 of damaged buildings were inspected and repaired.
200,000 people have received money or food for public work
71
Not desert
Thaar, India
72
Hot dessert adaptations
Succulent plants
Spikes to protect water store
Small leaves
Waxy laver to prevent water loss
73
Thaar dessert solutions
Earth dams to store water
Growing trees like the ber tree
1977 desert development programme
Arialreseeding
74
Flooding
Bangladesh - the Ganges
75
Tnc
Nike
76
Nike headquarters
Oregon, USA
77
Nike factories
700 factories
120 in China
73 in Thailand
78
Nike workers
700,000 contract workers75% of the workforce is in Asia
79
Nike materials
Cotton- India
Eva foam- China
Rubber - Thailand
Leather- China
80
Boxing Day tsunami
26/12/04
81
Causes of tsunami
Indio Australian plate sunpbducted unde the Eurasian plate
82
Tsunami magnitude
9
83
Tsunami waves
Travelled up to 800km/h
| Waves at the coast had an altitude of 15m
84
Tsunami impacts
| Deaths/ homeless/ countries affected
250,000 died
2 million made homeless
13 countries affected- Maldives had to rebuild their industry
85
Tsunami solutions
Warning system between countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were set up
Purification tablets
Temporary housing
Temporary field hospitals
86
Industrial zone
Silicon Valley
87
Location Silicon Valley
SAN Francisco
88
Physical factors Silicon Valley
Mediterranean climate
301 days of sunshine per year
Attractive scenery
Near the the Pacific for recreational use or transport
89
Silicon Valley human factors
Industrial agglomeration (Mozilla, google, yahoo)
Stanford university nearby
Close to major urban areas
SAN José international airport
90
Inputs processes and outputs Silicon Valley
I- capital
- intelligence
- building
P- research / design/ assembling / development
O- profit
91
Tourism
Marbella
92
Marbella average temp July
24oC
93
Sea water Marbella
24oC in August
94
Marbella economic consequence
Summer 2018 generated 4.5 million
95
Homes in Marbella
85% built by foreigners
96
Eco tourism
Costa Rica
97
Impacts of ecotourism on land
Million acres of land protected
| Locals and private sector value the forest as it creates income
98
GDP ecotourism
Contributes to 17% of the countries GDP
99
Other impacts ecotourism
Since 1950 more money invested in potable water
| Since 1970 80 new businesses have opened
100
Impact on species ecotourism
40% of Monteverdes amphibians have become extinct
| Plants and animals disrupted by dust created by 4 times for 4 cars in which tourists arrive
101
Attractions Costa Rica human
Peaceful country with no army
Political stability Democratic
Near the us
Variety of accommodation ecolodges and 5 star hotels
102
Physical attractions Costa Rica
Arenal volcano
Tortugero national park
10,000 different types of plants / 870 of birds
Surrounded by the Atlantic and Pacific
103
Urbanisation/ mega city
Mumbai
104
Push factors Mumbai
Green revolution adaptation of modern farming technologies means there are no jobs in the countryside
Children inherit their fathers land there is too little leading to malnutrition
Education and health is much lower
105
Mumbai pull factors
Good schools and universities such as universidad de Mumbai
Decent hospital and dentist
It is more likely for house to have electricity and water
Financial capital of India many companies have their headquarters there
Better payed jobs
106
Effects of urbanisation in Mumbai
High infant mortality 40 per thousand
Health problems due to pollution in shantytowns
Healthcare cannot meet demand
Cramped transport has led to 3500 deaths
Large amount of greenhouse gases are being released
107
Causes of flooding in Bangladesh
```
Melting snow from the Himalayas
Confluence of 3 large rivers
Rapid unplanned urbanisation in Dhaka
70% of land 1m above sea level
Poorly managed embankments
Soil erosion has reduced the rivers carrying capacity
```
108
Impacts of flooding in Bangladesh
In 2007 1100 people were killed
Houses destroyed
2.2 million acres of land destroyed
0.5 million of cattle and poultry killed
109
Flooding in Bangladesh responses
| Short term
Water purification tablets
£21 million from the UK
Food aid from the gov
Free seeds given to farmers
110
Flooding in Bangladesh
| Long term responses
Radios to issue a warning
Flood warning systems
Reduced deforestation
Embankments built
111
HIV/aids Botswana CAUSES
Lack of education about contraceptive and strict religious views on it
Women have little status and many are forced into having sex
Poverty means many people can’t afford antiretroviral drugs
No availability of medical treatment and testing people might be unaware that they are infected so the disease spreads quickly
112
HIV/aids Botswana impacts
```
Life expectancy fell to 35 years
Reduction in working population
Children become orphans as their parents die
3200 AIDS related death
44,000 people in Botswana live with HIV
```
113
HIV/aids Botswana solution
```
10,500 condom dispensers
Free condoms
Workplace counselling
sage sex bill board ABC
Absitance / Be faithful/ and if you have sex Condomise
```
114
Ageing population
U.K
115
Causes of ageing population
1/3 children born in 2012 expected to live 100
Falling birth rates
People living longer as they follow healthier lives
116
Impact of ageing population
2 workers for everyone retired
Grey pound
Higher dependency ratio leading to higher taxes
Elderly suffering economic problems
117
Solution to ageing population
Retirement age increased in 2020 it will be 66 and in 2056- 68.
People encouraged to save for their retirement
118
Energy supply
Spain
119
Spain energy supply
70% of its energy supply has to be imported
| Oil,coal and gas are imported from Mexico, Norway, Algeria
120
Spain energy from fossil fuels
72%
121
Renewable energy in Spain
16%
Wind farms In Galicia
Solar panels in Andalusia
From 2014 2014 increased by 93%
122
Nuclear energy in Spain
13%
| Decreased by 10% from 2004 to 2014
123
Internal migration
Brazil
124
Brazil urbanisation
65% growth in urban areas
125
Brazil pull factors
More services
better entertainment
prospects of a better job
Bright light syndrome
126
Brazil push factors
```
Jobs lost due to Mechanisation
Lack of services
Low paid jobs
Droughts affect crop yields
- Bahia
```
127
Impact of internal migration in Brazil
Growth in fabellas - overcrowding -quick spread of diseases
Water pollution
High crime rates
stealing electricity
Growth of informal economy people not paying tax
128
Green revolution what is it
It’s involves the use of high yielding varieties of grain
| 60s and 70s in places like India
129
Causes of the green revolution
Population increase in poorer countries and it was not enough food being produced
130
Green revolution what did it include
Artificial fertilisers
Tractors and other machinery used which are more efficient than animals
Growing crops such as wheat and rice which grow faster
131
Impacts of the green revolution positive
Yield increased by 200%
To crops are grown in a year
No famine in India since it was introduced
Poor people have a more varied diet
132
Green Revolution negative impact
Poorer farmers could not afford it
People lost jobs in forms due to machinery
Urban migration
Some HYV are unpopular as they lack taste
Farmers in debt due to money they have borrowed
133
Water supply in Spain dam
Almendra dam
134
Almendra dam
Salamanca
Cuts the course of the river Torres
Contain 2.5 billion cubic metres of water
O.5 km long
Built 1964-70
It supplies energy to the Villarino power station
135
Water supply in Spain- desalination plant
Lanzarote V
136
Lanzarote V
built where Lanzarote II used to be
Increase in the demand for water
It cost 7.9 million euros
Joins desalination facilities on the Inalsa complex in Punta los Vientos and in Yaiza
137
Water supply in Spain water transfer
Tajo-segura
138
Tajo segura
Construction caused 11,150 hectares of protected land to be destroyed
60% of the Tajos natural basin is being transferred
One of the largest Hydraulic engineering ever produced in Spain.
Channelled from the reservoirs of Entrepeñas and Buendia into the Talave reservoir on the Mundo river.
139
Water lost by the u.k due to leakages
460 million litres of water is lost everyday in the U.K due to old pipe networks. Many companies are trying to solve thus issue to reduce waste.
140
Wells
Uganda
141
Forced migration Syria to the u.k
| Push factors
4.25 million have been made homeless
| Any death from random bumping against civilians by the Syrian Regine
142
Forced migration Syria to UK
| Pull factors
Free health care through the NHS
They feel protected as a UK promote human rights
They’re better standard of living
Cultural ties some of them might already have families and friends living in the UK
143
Impact of f forced migration Syria to the UK
Conflict with locals
fear of Islam and theft
integration issues
lack of accommodation
144
International migration Poland to the UK
| Push factors
Hi unemployment 18.2%
Minimum wage in Poland less than half that that of the UK
Up to 40% in some role areas of unemployment
145
International migration Poland to the UK
| Pull factors
UK jobs available in low skilled areas such as construction
Better health care and education
Desire to learn English
Free health care for the NHS
146
International migration Poland to the UK Polish environment in the UK
10 Polish churches in London
| Areas such as Cheshire are full of polish people
147
Advantages for Poland of migration to UK
Unemployment reduced
People gain skills English. Making them more employable in Poland
Money sent back to Poland 4 billion every year
Wages increased by 10.5%
Less pressure on resources
Decrease in pollution levels
12% decrease in water demand
148
Disadvantages poland of migration to UK
Brain drain
Divorce rates have doubled since 2012
82% of the migrants are aged 18 to 34 there is a loss of the young population
Less workers paying tax leads to slower development
A qualified nurse will earn more in the UK doing agricultural work then nursing in Poland
149
Advantages for the UK of migration from Poland
Unemployment decreases as Polish fill work gaps
Polish bring many new skills increasing the quality of the UK work
More diverse culture
Add to the academy more than they take
Younger and economic li more active than average UK
2.5 million contributed to the English economy in 2011
Cultural crops could be laying dead if not
150
International migration project to UK disadvantages for UK
```
Higher demand for housing causes prices to rise
An increase in labour supply causes wages to decrease
Money is sent back to Poland
Over population
pressure on public transport
religious and cultural conflict
losing an English feel
locals lose their job to migrants
increase in air and traffic pollution
increase in global emissions
```
151
Rice farming
Dambulla, Sri Lanka
152
Background information about rice farming
Cultivated during two moonsoon seasons
| Uses 708,000 hectares of land
153
Inputs of rice farming
```
Rich clay/loam soils
precipitation (1000mm)
Sun /temperature (28°C)
Labour done by oxen
Flat land (near the river Mahaweli)
No machinery
```
154
Processes of rice farming
Planting
| Harvesting activities include cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning, and hauling
155
location suffering from economic development
Tuvalu
156
Background info Tuvalu
11,000 people living in nine islands
Located south of the equator in the Pacific Ocean
Second smallest nation
It has no industry and burns less carbon pollution than a small town in America
157
Causes of problems
Global warming because of increased greenhouse gases has led to an increase in temperature in oceans therefore thermal expansion of water has taken place and land has melted which has caused sea level rise
158
Problems in Tuvalu
Extreme weather events
Risk of being the next nation that will have to be abandoned due to global warming as the land is very low the highest being 4.6 m above sea level
159
A country or region suffering from food shortages
| Threats to the natural environment including soil erosion and desertification
Ethiopia Wadla
160
Causes of food shortages physical
Unreliable rainfall
Drought
Frost is common and it can damage the crops
Lack of land the average amount of land free household is 1.1 hectares
161
Economic factors causing food shortages
Lack of jobs and small business opportunities over 95% of the people depend on subsistence farming
Most farmers are unable to afford inputs such as irrigation so instead they use dung rather than manure
Lack of infrastructure few roads in Wadla no electricity, public transport, telephone or postal services, make it difficult to import food
162
Demographic factors causing food shortages
Overcrowding leading to overgrazing for up to 40 sheep to graze on 0.1 hectares of land resulting in Wadla having little vegetation and severe erosion occurring
Over exploitation of oil and timber are leading to deforestation and land degradation
163
Political factors causing food shortages
Unfair trade rules Ethiopian government purchase crops from farmers at low fixed prices so farmers do not receive a lot of money and can’t buy food
Growing cash crops: International organisations encourage ethiopia to produce cash crops to export reducing the land available for growing crops
wars conflicts in Ethiopia in the early 1990s 60% of the national budget was spent on war reducing the money available to improve agriculture or provide relief for hungry people
164
Effects of food shortages
Famine from 1983 to 1985 was the worst famine to hit the country is the lead to more than 400,000 deaths
There is a lower quality of life and population migration
Increase price of food
165
Management of food shortages
Food aid can be given action aid has been working on the following
- improving agricultural methods over 500 farmers have been trained in the production of new vegetables which are easier to grow in that climate
- improving land quality over 1000 people have been trained in environmental rehabilitation and conservation techniques
Financial management setting up credit groups so farmers can get loans to invest in agricultural equipment
Income generation over 100 people have been trained in skills such as carpentry pottery and weaving helping them to generate income and be able to buy food
The use of GM crops which are a drug resistant and an increase in the use of fertilisers and pesticides
166
Hazards including coastal erosion & management
Pacifica San Francisco
167
Problems in Pacifica
January 2010 two apartments in a block on the edge of the cliff where evacuated due to Cliff Falls
By the end of April a 3 m section had been undermined so people living in the last four apartments had been forced to abandon their homes because the building was unsafe
By the end of December 2010 more of the cliff had fallen during storms the cliff had been eroded by almost 7 m in just a year. A third of the apartment building was hanging over the ocean
168
Management in Pacifica
Attempts have been made to slow down the erosion of the cliff
Large boulders had been placed at the base to try to break energy of the waves
Engineers tried to strengthen the cliff by reinforcing and surfacing it
It is being considered the idea of putting a very large seawall to deflect The incoming waves however it is very expensive
169
Mangroves
Cayman Island
| Originally 36% was occupied by mangrove
170
Opportunities mangroves
Low-lying island always relied on the protection of mangroves from coastal flooding
During the hurricane Ivan in 2004 75% of the homes were severely damaged but the impact would have been much worse without the protection of the mangrove
Roots help to stabilise the coast against erosion
171
Problems mangrove areas
Tourism puts pressure to develop tourist resorts and mangroves are removed
In 2010 83 hectares were removed
172
Coral reef
Great barrier reef Australia
173
Opportunities coral reefs
It contributes to 25% of the total fish catch in LED seas providing food for 1 billion people in Asia alone
They attract tourists
174
Problems coral reefs
Threatened by global warming
Overfishing disrupts food chains and food webs
Tourists destroy them when they walk or dive on them
175
Management of coral reef
The Australian government has made the great barrier reef a protected area by declaring it a Marine Park
Tourists are educated about how their trip affects their reef and they’re not allowed in certain sensitive areas
The GBRMPA looks after the reef protect it while allowing sustainable development to take place
The Marine Park authority gives out permits of fishing diving and has boats patrolling the area to prevent illegal activity
Fines of up to US$1 million can be forced on companies that pollute the fragile environment
176
Effects of rice farming
Rice provides 45% total calorie and 40% total protein requirement of an average Sri Lankan.
About 1.8 million farm families are engaged in paddy cultivation island-wide.
177
Effects Tuvalu
Waves reach neighbourhoods and roads
Homes near the ocean are flooded
They faced increasingly strong storms and cyclones
Decreasing fish patch
