CASE STUDIES MEGAPACK

Question 1

Uneven Population Distribution

Answer 1

NIGERIA
●Most densely populated in South West and Central north
●Coastal areas have a high population density bc…
●Northern river basin in Kano
●Tropical savannah: poor soil quality and dry climate
●Government policies in favour of urban development, creating employment opportunities, educational opportunities and infrastructural amenities
●Forced migration due to Boko Haram
●Growth of mega cities - Lagos

Question 2

Demographic Dividend

Answer 2

SOUTH KOREA
●Ideal population structure
●Between 1950s and 60s, education system changed from a compulsory primary education that only served 54% of population to a production oriented education, providing knowledge and skills to strengthen economy.
●Good distribution of educational resources
●Good education on health and family planning
●Export-oriented development strategy for its economic policy: exports more than half of GDP.
●GDP increases by 4% each year.
●Strong chemical, iron and steel industries.
●Good relation with Japan, leading to infusions of investment capital.
●Cheap and affordable healthcare. Lots of investment into health system

Question 3

Forced? Migration / Climate Change Refugees

Answer 3

KIRIBATI
●Located in Oceania
●33 atolls - land is low lying and there is a high ratio of coastline to land area. Susceptible to rising sea levels and storm surges
●Warming ocean waves lead to coral bleaching, hindering growth of reefs and increasing the danger of being submerged
●Tarawa is 3m above sea level.
●Multiple storms, floods and other natural disasters causing severe damage. Beach erosion and freshwater contamination.
●Migrate with dignity policy - government sponsored opportunities for citizens to move to Australia and New Zealand and have remittances sent back

Question 4

Forced Internal Migration

Answer 4

NIGERIA (pt 2)
●In 2012 alone, 2 million people displaced due to heavy rain. Dangerous floods as water was raised from dams.
●Land degradation, erosion and desertification.
●Population pressure and land misuse.
●Insurgency in North Eastern zone, led by Boko Haram. Around 802K people were displaced in 2014, some in camps and some in host communities.

Question 5

Rapid Megacity Growth

Answer 5

JAKARTA
●Between 1976 and 1986, the population grew from 6 to 9 million, and by a further 4 million by 2004.
●Traffic congestion - average road speed 5.4mph. No metro, more people traveling by car. People late to jobs, disruptive to economy.
●High pollution levels leading to health problems, 60% residents suffering from breathing problems
●Growth of urban slums - poor living conditions and high rates of crime.
●Lies in lowland with 13 rivers, and urban sprawl means catchment areas, green areas and wetlands are covered in tarmac, reducing lag times.
●Sedimentation, leading to polluted water drunk by 1/3rd of slum people.

Question 6

Gender Equality

Answer 6

RWANDA
●Constitution states at least 30% of government positions must be filled by women, but in Rwanda 64% of parliamentarians are women.
●Gender rights protected by the institution and laws have allowed women to inherit land, share marriage assets and obtain credit.
●Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, ensuring strategic coordination in areas of gender, family, female empowerment and children’s issues.
●Good healthcare and large investment into maternal health.
●Women’s support groups against gender based violence and sexual harassment.
●Stems from genocide of 1994, as many men were killed and Rwandas population was left 70% female

Question 7

Human Trafficking Organization

Answer 7

THE BLUE DRAGON
●Based in Hanoi, Vietnam, and works to rescue victims of trafficking and slavery and to provide care and support + secure good futures for escaped victims.
●Building emergency shelters for women and girls, providing ongoing assistance for them to return to school, uni or training, giving medical checks and consistent care and nutrition, psychological counseling, accommodation.
●Rescued 6 girls sold to brothels in China 2007. Have been able to rescue hundreds of women from brothels and forced marriage and reunite them with families, schools and governments
●Need to improve coordination with Vietnam police and border control. Lack of psychological support, support for prosecutions on known traffickers and low access to foreign countries.

Question 8

Anti-natalist policy

Answer 8

SINGAPORE “STOP AT TWO”
●Policy ran from 1972 to 1987.
●Access to low cost contraception
●Creation of early access to family planning clinica
●Use of media to promote smaller families
●Access to low priced healthcare for small families
●Sterilization programmes promoted
●Family planning and population board established.
●Led to insufficient workers to fill job vacancies
●An aging population
●Decreasing birthrate, paired with increased development as more women took up career

Question 9

Pro-natalist policy

Answer 9

SINGAPORE “HAVE THREE OR MORE IF YOU CAN AFFORD IT”
●1987 onwards
●Increased maternity leave to 12 weeks
●Maternity leave covered for the first 4 children
●Child benefit increased meaning that parents did not have to worry as much about cost of children
●Government sponsored dating agencies
●Government subsidized child care
●Family planning and population board
●Parents with good academic qualifications would get advanced child benefits
●Slight increase in fertility
●Reduced proportion of foreign residents
●Limitations when it comes to changing people’s attitudes
●”too controlling”
●Increases in fertility short lived

Question 10

Contrasting Uneven Populations

Answer 10

AUSTRALIA
●85% of population live within 50km of coast, most concentrated on the South East coast.
●Climate - most of Australia is desert, meaning it is unsuitable to live and build upon + poor for agriculture.
●Benefits of coast
●Employment

ETHIOPIA
●High population in Central West and density of less than 50 people per square kilometre elsewhere.
●Altitude, climate soil. Population concentrated in highlands due to moderate temperatures, rich soil and adequate rainfall, creating a good region for agriculture.
●Large region of Ethiopia is sparsely populated as only 11% of the population live in the hot climatic zone, which encompasses over half of Ethiopia’s territory.
●Rural to urban internal migration due to spatial disparities and economic pull factors.