case studies, p2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
1
Q
Lagos- Location and Background
A
lagos is a coastal city in Nigeria, Western Africa. it has developed rapidly over the last 30 years becoming Africa’s largest and most important city
lagos has a popultion of 17.5 million, making it a megacity
2
Q
Lagos- Challenges
A
- ultra poor areas lack education facilities
- slum areas such a makoko are dangerous with high crime rates
- 40% work in the informal sector (low job security, no tax)
- only 1% of housholds are connected to sewers so sanitation is poor
- growing population and trade has led to high air and water pollution
- many of the cities industries are highly polluting and release toxic chemicals into the water
- high pullution makes the water uninhabitable for fish so many poeple strugle to get food
- traffic is a big issue as the roads aren’t designed to cope with the volume of vehicles
3
Q
Lagos- Opportunities
A
- total of 2,500 secondary and 11,200 primary schools in Lagos
- better health care has enable life expectancy to raise from 38 to 54
- though only 10% have access to running water, stand pipes and water vendors make clean water available to everyone
- access to fuel and generators or even mains electricity for some
- Lagos has a GDP of $90 billion per year, so would be the 7th largest African economy if it was a country
- very well connected for global trader due to having 2 large ports and a major international airport
- 80% of West African flights land in Lagos
4
Q
Lagos- Planning Solution
A
the main planning solution underway in Lagos is floating sustainable schools, they are easy to build and made of waste and recylced products to produce 100 pupil classrooms which float on the lagoon, to increase accesability for the poorest people who live in the lagoon.
However, 18 months after being built, the prototype classroom was destroyed in a storm and is yet to be repaired or replaced
5
Q
Birmingham- Location and Background
A
Birmingham is the UK’s second largest city with a population over 1.2 million. it is well connected via an international airport, several motorways (M6, M42, M5) and 3 mainline train stations. it was heavily involved in the 1800’s indurstrial revolution and has continued to grow since
6
Q
Birmingham- Challenges
A
- industrial decline has lead to unemployment in inner city areas
- racial tensions created by newly arriving migrants have caused race riots(2005)
- transport remains an issue as old infrastructure is unsuitable for the population and the historic ringroads act like a “concrete collar” on development
- employment inequality for migrants has lead to economic segregation in some inner city areas
- new migrants often settle in the same areas creating enclaves and social seperation, increasing tension
- clear health inequality, in wealthy areas such as four oaks, which has a life expectancy of 84, compared with sparkbrook, which has a life expectancy of 76
- housing inequality is also evident between edgbaston and sparkbrook, likely one cause of the health inequality
7
Q
Birmingham- Opportunities
A
- there are 5 universities which educate 50,000 students
- green city with 500 parks and more trees than any other city in Europe
- new investments creating jobs(e.g. 20,000 jobs as a result of HSBC moving headquaters from London to Birmingham)
- the waste recovery system turns 350,000 tonnes of waste into energy each year
- cultural diversity creates social opportunities for shared language, food and culture, this lead to the “Balti Triangle”
- state of the art recreational facilities
- symphony hall
- award winning library
- redeveloped areas such as Brindley place
- fantasitic internal, national and international transport links
- revamped trainstation (new street)
- extended midlandsmetro tram network
- international airport
8
Q
Birmingham- Redevelopment
A
as a result of loss of indusrty , Birmingham faced industrial decline which mostly impacted the city centre and transport infrastructure. to address the issues, Birmingham created the BIG CITY PLAN to redevelop 5 key areas of Birmingham. one of these areas was New Street station which cost £600 million to revamp and create a world class shopping centre (grand central). this generated 1,000 permanent jobs and increased the stations capacity to 300,000 passenegers per day. in addition, materials used were mostly recyclable and rainwater is collected to flush the toilets, making it sustainable
9
Q
Curitiba
A
Background
- rapid development in the 1970’s created enviromental issues for the Brazillian city, Curitiba
- city Mayor Jamie Lerner realised and began a huge drive towards sustainablility
- curitiba has tackled: open space, transportation, water, education and housing to bcome sustainable
what has been done
- pedestrianisation of main street reduces dependancy on cars, it was done in 3 days to avoid opposition
- BRT bus system uses bi-articulate busses which can transport up to 4,000 people daily
- BRT has only 1 fare so it is affordable for all to use and so people use it for more journeys (buses stop every 60 seconds)
- green exchange- people in slum areas exchange waste for fresh fruit and vegetables from surrounding farms
- waste is sorted and recycled widely creating jobs and reducing landfill
- developers are allowed to build buildings taller in exchange for leaving green space around them
- parks are allowed to flood during heavy rain to reduce flooding impacts
- sheep used to cut grass in parks to reduce emissions
10
Q
East Village(London)
A
- green roofs planted on all buildings taller than 100m to absorb CO2
- very good public transport
- 195 trains per hour
- 9 bus stops
- combined heat and power system serves 2,000 homes with a hot water supply
- uses 1/3 less water by recycling grey water
- 90% of construction waste was reused or recycled, significantly reducing enviromental impact
11
Q
Tourism in Kneya- Benefits
A
- directly employs over 600,000 people (10% of all workers)
- contributes over 12% of Kenya’s GDP
- since 2000, Kenya’s HDI has increased from 0.45 to 0.55, many put this down to tourism income
- the nation’s 24 wildlife parks charge entry fees, which generates money to pay for the upkeep of the parks thus protects the wildlife
- boosts literacy rates as workers are often educated, especially with language skills, helping them in their future life
- increases access to clean water and medicine as these are needed for the tourists
- generates greater income form visas and airport taxes, though these have been recently halfed to encourage more visitor
- there were 1.8 million tourists in 2011
12
Q
Tourism in Kenya- Problems
A
- only a small portion of the money goes to the locals, most goes to the large companies which are often based in HICs
- some tribes have have been forced from their land to accommodate for hotels or other tourism related facilities
- vehicles used in safaris damage vegetation and disturb animals
- now reached a limit of 1.8 million visitors per year due to lack of infrastructure and people’s unwillingness to pay higher prices
- not entirely sustainable as policital tenisons have put people off visiting (though more off palces like Tusnisia)
- many see safaris as a “once in a lifetime” experience so may eventually run out of a market to sell the trips to
13
Q
Types of Aid
A
Emergency or Short-Term
- needed after sudden disasters such as the 2000 Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami
Charitable
- funded by donations from the public though organisations such as OXFAM
Long-Term or Development
- involves providing local communities with education and skills for a sustainable development, usually though organisations such as Practical Action
Multilateral
- given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country
14
Q
Nigeria- Context and Importance
A
- it is the 12th largest producer of oil in the world and has the 21st largest economy
- predicted to have the fastest rate of GDP growth 2020-2025 due to it’s diversifying economy
- huge regional potential to lead African devlopment due to having the largest population (181 million) and a range of industries
- Africa’s largest farming sector (19 million cattle) with 70 % of the population employed in this sector
- world’s second largest film producing industry (Nollywood)
- civil war in 1960’s following independance when a group tried to seperate from the rest of the country
- economic inequality between North and South has led to tensions and conflict
15
Q
Nigeria- Manufacturing
A
- new manufacturing is providing an economic boost
- regular paid work gives poeple a secure income to improve their own lives, also income for the government from increased taxes
- many manufactured goods are available for people to buy
- manufacturing a car requires lots of parts so other businesses benefit from making and supplying parts
- attracts foreign companies to invest in Nigeria, creating more jobs
16
Q
Nigeria- Shell
A
- shell have had a presence in Nigeria since 1936
- employ over 6,000 people in Nigeria
- contribute 75% of the Nigerian Government’s tax revenue annually
- produces 572,000 barrels daily
- in 2016 spilt a total of 200 tonnes of oil at 251 sites accross the Niger delta
- locals in Bobo have lost access to fishing and farming as oils spills have made the area too polluted for such activities. Shell has given some compensation but not enough
- invested in some local development projects
- local schools in villages
- a widespread HIV education and treatment programme
17
Q
Nigeria- Impact of Aid
A
- Nets for Life project provides education and mosquito nets to prevent the spread of maralia, 10 million nets given out
- World Bank funded loans to help businesses diversify away from oil, so new businessses and industries develop
- UK Government funded health and HIV programme provides health and education in rural areas
- UK Government spent £30 million on education helping 481,000 additional children go to school (48% girls)
- UK has also helped provide over 5.5 million people with clean water
- 60% of the population still lives on less than 63 p per day and the government is corruptso this is unlkely to improve any time soon
- aid donors have ties to aid to ensure they get a say in who recieves it, this is unfair and creates more inequality
18
Q
Nigeria- Enviromental Impacts of Development
A
- 70-80% of deforestation is to allow new urban areas to be built
- Nigeria has 10,000 illegal small scale industries which emit large amounts of pollution
- mining has lead to soil errosion and land degredation in former forest areas
- waste disposal can’t cope with the population
19
Q
JLR- Background
A
the UK’s leading car manufacturer Jaguar Landrover has worked tirelessly to ensure that their products, desgins and manufacturing are all as sustainable as possible
this is essentail for them in an industry which is often seen as envriomentaly damaging
20
Q
JLR- What Have They Done
A
- reducing vehicle waste by using alluminium, also very light so increases fuel efficiency
- since 2009 Jaguar owners have been offered to chance to offset their carbon emissions by investing in green technologies and tree planting
- Jaguar have released their first fully electric car (I-Pace) and invest heavily in the formula E electric racing series
- 44% of parts made in Britain, reducing need for transportation and lowering emisions
- over the last decade, CO2 emissions have decreased by 28.2%
- vehicles now have longer average life (14 years) and only 1% of waste goes to landfill
21
Q
JLR- Wolverhampton Engine Manufacturing Plant
A
- focus on recruiting local people to reduce transportation and thus pollution
- rooftop covered in 21,000 solar panels, providing 30% of the plant’s energy
- water harvested from the roof is used to flush toilets, reducing runoff and flood risk
- all paving around the site is permiable to enable rain to soak in
- bike racks and cycle lanes provided to encourage workers to cycle to work instead of drive, reducing pollution
- all lighting is provided by LEDs which use far less energy than normal lights
- wherever possible, the site used recycled or recyclable materials
22
Q
North Sea Oil- Background
A
- beginning in 1975, North Sea Oil has extracted 40 billion barrels of oil
- more tha 60% of reserves have already been extracted with between 15 and 24 billion barrels left
- so far has benefitted the UK government by £300 billion
- the presence of its own fossil fuel supply has enabled the uk to develop at an even faster rate without the need to import the product from abroad
23
Q
North Sea Oil- Positives and Negatives
A
Positives
- UK produces 60% of its own natural gas reducing reliance of foreign energy and increasing energy security
- thousands of jobs created by the oil industry, especially in areas of historic unemployment such as Aberdeen
- UK government has benefited directly through tax revenue
- positive multiplier effect as new industries grow along the east coast to provide resources for the rigs etc.
Negatives
- the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 killed 167 workers and caused insured losses of £1.7 billion
- helicopters are used to transport workers to and from rigs, one went down in 2016 killing 13 peope
- oil prices fell in 2014 resulting in 150,000 people losing their jobs (1/3)
- oil leaks cause huge enviromental damage
- in 2001 Gannet Alpha leaked 200 tonnes of oil
- oil is non-renewable and will run out
24
Q
Micro-HEP Nepal- Backgrownd & What Is It?
A
Background
- Nepal is a mountainous region in central Asia which is subject to tectonic hazards
- Nepal is one of the poorest nations in the world
- very few rural communities have electricity, hampering their abiity to develop
What Is It?
- micro-hydropower are small HEP power station, with over 1,000 schemes in place across rural Nepal
- it works by piping water down the steep valley sides which are common in Nepal and running this water though a turbine at the bottom
25
Mirco-HEP- Benefits
* clean energy source with no water or air pollution
* small scale so no large resevoirs or associated impacts
* no water loss so the method is sustainable for water use
* minimal local enviromental impact
* income in areas with the scheme increased by 11% with women and children benefitting the most
* estimated to save 1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide release per year
* users are trained in how to use and maintain the machinery, keeping costs down
* electricity enables schools and hospitals to have better equipment and provide more social services
26
Micro-HEP- Disadvantages
* not suitable in all areas so can increase internal inequality
* small scale so many are needed to make a big impact on development
* seasonal variation in stream flow alters available energy
* have to be located near a stream so only benefit stream side communities
* concerns about long term maintanence as parts wear on older turbines
