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Sys Path Final > Castleman > Flashcards

Castleman Flashcards

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1
Q

Three types of developmental disease in oral cavity

A

Cleft palate
Prognathism
Brachygnathism

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2
Q

What can cause cleft palate (palatoschisis)?

A 
Genetics
Toxic etiology (veratrum californicum - sheep, poison hemlock - pigs)
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3
Q

What is a common complication of cleft palate?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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4
Q

Cheiloschisis

A

cleft lip

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5
Q

What can cause brachygnathia or prognathia?

A

Genetic abnormalities
Calcium deficiency
Chondrodysplasia

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6
Q

What can happen as a result of brachygnathia or prognathia?

A

Malocclusion

Tooth growth and wear abnormalities

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7
Q

What are the types of inflammatory lesions in the oral cavity?

A 
Vesicular
Erosive/ulcerative
Proliferative
Necrotizing
Other (Pseudomembranous, Granulomatous)
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8
Q

What can cause vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis?

A

Viral

Thermal, toxic

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9
Q

What are viral causes of vesicular lesions in the oral cavity?

A

Foot and Mouth Disease - picornavirus (cow)
Vesicular exathema - calicivirus (pig)

Also vesicular stomatitis - rhabdovirus (cow)
swine vesicular disease (enterovirus)

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10
Q

Causes of erosive/ulverative stomatitis

A

Viral (calicivirus, BVD)
Toxic (phenylbutazone)
Uremia
Immune mediated (pemphigus, SLE)

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11
Q

Causes of proliferative stomatitis/esophagitis

A

Parapox virus:
Bovine papular stomatitis - calves
Contagious ecthyma - sheep, goat

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12
Q

Causes of necrotizing stomatitis

A

Bacterial (fusobacterium, actinobacillus)

Infarctive

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13
Q

Causes of granulomatous/pseudomembranous lesions

A

Cyptococcal stomatitis

Candidia

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14
Q

What produces vesicles?

A

FMD
Thermal injury
Vesicular stomatitis virus
swine vesicular disease

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15
Q

What causes ulcerative oral lesions?

A

Chronic uremia
Calicivirus
BVDV
FMD

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16
Q

Neoplasias of oral cavity

A 
Periodontal fibromatous epulis
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
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17
Q

Periodontal Fibromatous Epulis (dog)

A

8.5 years of age
Anywhere on gingiva
Expansile and non-invasive
Excision usually curative

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18
Q

Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (dog)

A 
8.8 years of age
Anywhere on gingiva
Odontogenic epithelium
Invasive into bone 
No metastasis
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19
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (dog)

A

8 years of age
Tonsil, gingiva, lip, tongue, palate, pharynx
Nodular, firm, ulcerated
Metastasis (esp Tonsillar)

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20
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (cat)

A

12 years of age
Tongue and gingiva
Nodular, firm, ulcerated
Destructive to bone and can metastasize

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21
Q

Malignant melanoma (dog)

A

11 years of age
gingiva and lips
Metastasis

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22
Q

Fibrosarcoma (dog)

A

7.2 years of age
gingiva, palate, lip, tongue
Can metastasize

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23
Q

What oral neoplasm has the greatest probability of metastasis?

A

Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Which oral neoplasm has the least probability of metastasis and invasion?

A

Periodontal fibromatous epulis

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25
Oral necrobacillosis
causes by fusobacterium necrophorum | necrotizing exudate
26
BVDV
Inflammation of esophagus with ulcers and erosions
27
Pathology of esophagus
Inflammatory disease Megaesopahgus Impactions/obstruction Neoplasia
28
Esophageal inflammation
Due to infectious agents or reflux
29
Meagesophagus
``` PRAA Idiopathic denervation or neuropathy Polymyositis Myasthenia gravis Hypothyroidism Trypanosoma cruzi other ```
30
Esophageal neoplasms
Papilloma Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma
31
Pathology of rumen/reticulum/omasum
Infectious inflammatory diseases Chemical ruminitis Bloat (tympany)
32
Infectious rumenitis/omasitis/reticulitis)
Erosive/ulcerative Proliferative Necrotizing other (Pseudomembranous, granulomatous)
33
Mycotic omasitis
Complication of chemical ruminitis (antibiotics) | Hemorrhagic target lesions
34
Rumenitis due to lactic acidosis
Carb overload Lactic acid burn of musoca Acidosis Chronic complications (scars, mycotic infection, bacterial infection - hepatitis)
35
Pathology of stomach/abomasum
Ulcers Inflammatory disease Rupture Neoplasia
36
Causes of gastric ulcers
``` Trauma, chemical injury High acidity Local ischemia Helicobacter Parasites Neoplastic disease (gastrin/mast cell tumors) ```
37
Causes of Gastritis/abomasitis
Infectious (Clostridial, fungal, parasitic, helicobacter) | Toxic
38
Gastric/abomasal neoplasia
Adenocarcinoma Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) Lymphoma Squamous cell carcinoma (horse)
39
Gastric Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST
spindle cell tumors
40
Gastrointestial obstructions
``` Gastric/abomasal volvulus Intestinal volvulus/torsion Intestinal external herniation Intestinal internal herniation/entrapment Intussusception Intential stenosis/atresia Intestinal stricture Enteroliths Impactions ```
41
Gastric volvulus
GDV - dogs, gas accumulation, exercise/deep chest risk factors LDA/RDA - lactation risk factor
42
Intussuscipiens vs intussusceptum
Intussuscipiens- what its going into | Intussusceptum - what is going in
43
Predisposing factors of intussusception
Enteritis/altered motility Intestinal foreign body Intestinal polyp/neoplasm
44
Stenosis vs atresia
Steonsis - lumen diameter decreases at some point | Atresia - lumen stops, cannot go through (Membrane, cord, blind end)
45
Vascular obstructions of GI
Thrombosis/thromboembolism/infarction | Intestinal lymphangectasia
46
Inflammation of the intestine
Viral enteritis and villous atrophy Bacterial enteritis/colitis Parasitic enteritis/colitis
47
What affects villar tips vs crypts?
``` Tips = rotavirus, coronavirus, crypto Crypts = parvovirus, BVD, rinderpest, mycotoxins, radiation ```
48
Mechanisms of diarrhea in eneterocolitis
1. Maldisgestion/malabsorption - osmotic 2. secretory mechanisms - Cl- secretion 3. increased permeability
49
Morphological classification of enterocolitis
``` Necrotizing Fibrinonecrotic Hemorrhagic Proliferative Granulomatous ```
50
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Viral | Protozoal
51
What are other lesions seen with canine parvovirus other than villous atrophy?
Decreased peyers patches Thymic atrophy Small lymph nodes
52
Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis
Salmonellosis (fibrin casts!)
53
Mechanism of salmonellosis
Attach to M cells, enterocytes, goblet cells Survive in phagosome Toxins induce necrosis (enterotoxin, verotoxin, endotoxin) Uprefulate Cl- secretion
54
Forms of salmonella pathogenesis
1. peracute septicemia 2. Acute enteric salmonellosis 3. chronic enteric salmonellosis
55
What causes fibrinous cholecystitis?
Acute enteric salmonellosis
56
What type of salmonellosis causes rectal stricture in pigs?
Chronic enteric salmonellosis
57
What is fibrinonectoric that is NOT salmonellosis?
Enterotoxigenic E Coli Clostridium difficule Lawsonia intracellularis
58
What causes fibrinonectroic enterocolitis in large animals?
Salmonella but dont forget these! Enterotoxigenic E Coli Clostridium difficule Lawsonia intracellularis
59
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis
Clostridial perfingens type C Shigellosis Lawsonia intracellularis Coccidiosis
60
What causes hyperplastic entercolitis?
``` Lawsonia intracellularis (proliferative ileitis) Coccidiosis ```
61
What causes granulomatous enterocolitis?
Mycobacterial infection (Johnes) Histoplamosis, other deep mycoses Granulomatous enteritis in horses
62
Intestinal neoplasia
Lymphoma Epithelial tumors (Adenoma, adenocarcinoma) Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST Carcinoid
63
Intestinal adenocarcinoma (dog)
9 years old, males Colon/rectum (plaque like or ulcerative, polypoid) , small intestine (constrictive) Metastasis
64
Intestinal adenocarcinoma (cat)
11 years old, males Small intestine Constrictive Metastasis
65
Ciliated cells of bronchi/bronchioles
Terminally differentiated
66
Non-cilliated cells of bronchi
Epithelial regenerative capacity | Mucuous cells, basal cells, other nonciliated cells
67
Bronchi
have cartilage and glands in their walls
68
Bronchioles
No cartilage or glands in calls
69
Non-ciliated cells of bronchioles
Mucous cells | Nonciliated (clara cells) - rich in cytochrome monooxygenase enzymes
70
Primary lobule
Pulmonary tissue supplied by terminal bronchiole
71
Secondary lobule
Composed of many primary lobules
72
What does the interalveolar septa consist of?
Epithelial cells (type 1 and 2) Capillary endothelium Fibroblasts (elastin and collagen) Macrophages
73
Type 1 epithelial cells
Cannot repair! Large surface area Susceptible to damage Incapable of division
74
Type 2 epithelial cells
Can repair! Cuboidal Produces surfactant Produces other mediators Effective epithelial repair
75
Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
76
Causes of Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic) Toxic (4-ipomeanol) Hypersensitivity
77
Consequences of Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
1. increase airway resistance | 2. decrease mucociliary clearance
78
Sequelae of Bronchitis and bronchiolitis
1. resolution and epithelial repair 2. extension to alveoli - pneumonia 3. chronic localized inflammation - bronchiectasis (bronchi), bronchiolitis obliterans (bronchioles) 4. post-obstructive atelectasis
79
Bronchiectasis
Dilation of bronchi beyond normal physiological limits due to destruction of the bronchial wall Usually due to 1. chronic infection 2. neutrophil-mediated tissue destruction
80
Morphology of bornchiectasis
1. Dilation of airyway 2. thick wall 3. luminal exudate
81
What can bronchiectasis lead to?
1. increased airway resistance 2. poor mucociliary clearance 3. aspiration of infective material to alveoli
82
Is bronchiectasis reversible?
no
83
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Obstruction of the bronchiolar lumen by fibrous connective tissue
84
Atelectasis
Collapse of lung
85
Classifications of atelectasis
1. neonatal (inadequate surfactant) | 2. aquired (compressive, obstructive)
86
Compressive Atelectasis
fluid, air, mass compresses lung of results in loss of negative pleural pressure
87
Sequelae of Atelectasis
1. resolution of cause: reinflation 2. alveolar edema 3. secondary bacterial pneumonia 4. fibrosis and irreversible collapse
88
Pulmonary emphysema
enlarged gas-filled space in lung alveolar or interstitial
89
Is alveolar emphysema reversible?
NO
90
Interstitial emphysema
Excess gas in the pulmonary interstitium | Occurs in species with extensive lobular septa (cows, goats, bison)
91
Pathogenesis of Interstitial emphysema
1. forced expiration against obstructed airways 2. gas dissects into interstitial tissue (interlobular septa, perivasuclar areas, subpleural tissues) Restrictive lung disease
92
Sequelae of Interstitial emphysema
1. resolution 2. progression: mediastinum and subcutis 3. secondary infection of pockets 4. fibrosis and parenchymal loss
93
Viral pneumonia in dogs
``` Canine distemper Canine influenza Canine adenovirus type 2 Parainfluenza type 2 virus Canine respiratory coronavirus Canine herpes virus 1 ```
94
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the pulmonary gas exchange parenchyma ``` Causes: Infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic) Toxic Immunologic Mixed ```
95
What type of penumonia has a cranioventral distribution?
Bronchopenumonia
96
Classifications of pneumonia
1. Bronchopneumonia 2. Interstitial pneumonia 3. Focal or multifocal pnuemonia (embolic) 4. Mixed pattern
97
Bronchopneumonia
``` Usually cranioventral Centrilobular Bacteria, aspiration Alveolar space Obstructive and restrictive changes ```
98
Interstitial pneumonia
Diffuse Toxins, viruses, hypersensitivity, protozoa Interalveolar septa Will see type 1 epithelial necrosis, type 2 epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis
99
Sequelae of Bronchopneumonia
1. Resolution 2. Death 3. Septicemia 4. Chronic Bronchopneumonia with bronchiolitis obliterans and bronchiectasis, plueral adhesions
100
Interstitial pneumonia pathogenesis
1. Primary injury to epithelium or endothelium 2. Infectious, toxic, hypersensitivity Leads to restrictive disease and hypoxemia
101
What can cause focal and mutlifocal (embolic) pneumonia?
Disseminated aspergillosis | Blastomyces dermatididis
102
Acute viral pneumonia
Virus replicates in airyways Virus induces inflammatory and immune response Leads to: rhinitis, tracheitis/bronchitis, bronchiolitis, patchy interstitial pneumonia
103
What makes up bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
Bronchiolitis + Patchy interstitial pneumonia
104
Chronic viral pneumonia
Associated with viruses that replicate in macrophages or escape immunologic defense mechanisms Ex. ovine progressive pneumonia, canine distemper virus
105
Emerging viral respiratory agents
Canine pneumovirus | Canine bocavirus
106
Bovine toxic interstitial pneumonia
1. Ingestion of pneumotoxin (L-tryptophane, moldy sweet potatoes, perilla mint, stinkwood) 2. ruminal conversion or intestinal absoprtion 3. activation of toxin by pulmonary P450 4. free radical damage and pulmonary cell death, edema
107
What pulmonary cells are most susceptible to toxic injury in bovine toxic interstitial pneumonia?
Nonciliated bronchiolar cells Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells Capillary endothelial cells
108
Know about canine distemper and canine influenza
too much to write here
109
Pulmonary neoplasia
Benign epithelial tumors Malignant epithelial tumors Sarcomas Metastatic neoplasia is the most common form of neoplasia in the lung!!
110
Age of onset for pulmonary neoplasia
Dogs: 10-11 years Cats: 12-13 years
111
Which pulmonary injury is most likely to induce the most severe irreversible lung and pleural damage?
Bacterial infection | bacteria bring in neutrophils which cause damage
112
Acute respiratory viral infections often induce pulmonary lesions including what?
Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Patchy interstitial pneumonia
113
Chronic pneumonia and diffuse interstitial pneumonia are induced by what viral mechanism?
Ability to evade or suppress immunological defense mechanisms
114
What induces trachetitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia in dogs?
Canine distemper H3N8 H3N2 Canine adenovirus 2
115
Which contains toxins activated by cytochrome p450 to induce interstitial pneumonia in cattle and horses?
Moldy sweet potatoes | Purple mint
116
Most common form of pulmonary neoplasm
Metastatic

Sys Path Final (2 decks)

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