Catabolism and bioenergetics: how do we make ATP Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
What is the energy metabolism?
A
The process of using carbon and oxygen to make chemical energy in the form of ATP.
2
Q
What happens in the catabolic pathways?
A
Carbon sources are broken down.
3
Q
What do we need to do to have energy in our life?
A
Turn energy in a usable form.
4
Q
Where is the current energy in our body?
A
In the cell.
In a molecule called adenosine triphosphate or ATP.
5
Q
Where is chemical energy?
A
Locked in its phosphodiester bonds.
6
Q
What happens when the phosphodiester bonds break down?
A
The energy released can be used to drive reactions.
Biosynthesis, mechanical work, transport.
7
Q
Why is ATP important?
A
It allows reactions to occur that otherwise would be impossible.
Provides a link between energy consuming and energy producing reactions.
8
Q
How much ATP does our heart need?
A
6kg/day.
700 mg/one time.
Efficient at making it and not stop for breath.
9
Q
What do we need to do first to turn energy into a usable form of ATP?
A
Break down a carbon source, lipid, polysaccharide, protein into its parts.
Feed its parts in the energy producing pathways.
10
Q
What do we break down in humans?
A
Starch and sugars from food.
Or glycogen stored in liver –> ribose + hexose sugars –> hydrolysed into 3 carbon sugars –> converted into pyruvate.
11
Q
Where does the break down of starch and sugars occur in humans?
A
In the cytoplasm.
12
Q
How does the break down of starch and sugars in humans called?
A
Glycolysis = sugar breakdown.
13
Q
What is the result of the conversion of 3 carbon sugars into pyruvate?
A
The release of 1 molecule of ATP.
14
Q
How many ATP molecules does hexose sugar, like glucose produce?
A
2 ATPs.
15
Q
What do we need in order to generate ATP efficiently and avoid generating the by product lactate?
A
Mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation.
16
Q
How many ATP molecules can be produced by the oxidative phosphorylation where mitochondria are involved?
A
38 ATPs for every glucose molecule at the start of the process.
17
Q
Which organisms need the efficiency to make enough ATP for their needs?
A
Complex organisms.
18
Q
What happens at the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
A
Pyruvate enters –> mitochondria –> converted into acetyl coA –> fatty acids break down through beta oxidation –> produce acetyl coA –> used by mitochondria –> Acetyl coA joins Krebs cycle.
19
Q
On what does the amount of coA production depend?
A
On the length of carbon chain.
20
Q
What happens when the Acetyl coA joins the Krebs cycle?
A
Oxidation is produced.
Co factors are reduced –> fed into –> electron transfer chain.
21
Q
What is the function of electron transfer chain (ETC)?
A
It hands electrons from one complex to the next.
And it generates ATP.
22
Q
Which is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
A
Oxygen.
23
Q
What is the function of oxygen in ETC?
A
It reacts with H+ –> produces water.
We rely on oxygen.
24
Q
Which are the three energy sources?
A
Fats.
Carbohydrates in glycogen form.
Amino acids.
25
What is glycolysis?
The initial process of carbohydrate metabolism.
26
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
27
What molecule is really stable on its own and we need to 'get it going' through the metabolic pathway?
Glucose.
28
What is the function of glucose?
It diffuses easily out of the cell.
| Needs to held in place and prevented from escaping.
29
What is the first step of glycolysis pathway and the total glycolysis pathway?
The phosphorylation of glucose --> glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) --> fructose 6 phosphate --> phosphorylation --> fructose 1,6, bisphosphate.
30
What do the phosphorylation steps use?
ATP.
31
What is the purpose of the phosphorylation steps in the glycolysis pathway?
They change the ATP and hormone levels to regulate them.
Example: insulin turn on glycolysis.
Glucagon turns off glycolysis.
32
How many ATP molecules do we use in the start of the glycolysis pathway?
2 ATPs.
33
How many ATP molecules do we produce at the end of glycolysis pathway?
4 ATPs.
34
What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis for every glycose molecule?
2.
35
What are the advantages of glycolysis?
It can directly generate ATP without using oxygen.
It generates NADH to make more ATP.
The rate can be increased quickly.
36
Is ATP generation in the absence of O2 important?
Yes.
It is very important.
If blood supply is high in body areas.
During heavy exercise: sprinting, heart attack, stroke.
37
When we use glucose as a metabolic fuel, without what can we break it down in the cytoplasm in glycolysis?
Without oxygen.
38
Is the break down of glucose without oxygen in the cytoplasm in glycolysis efficient?
No.
| It generates lactic acid.
39
From what are enzyme kinetics altered by?
By pH changes.
40
Where is pyruvate made and during which process?
In mitochondria, during glycolysis.
41
Is the pyruvate generation in the mitochondria during glycolysis more efficient process of Krebs cycle and why?
Yes.
It oxidizes carbon metabolites each step --> phosphorylation --> produces 38 ATPs for each glucose.
Underpins all complex life.
42
What does determine the next step in metabolism?
Oxygen levels.
43
How is the next step in metabolism determined by oxygen levels?
Pyruvate is removed.
| Or glycolysis stops.
44
What happens when fatty acid metabolism joins glycolysis pathway?
Pyruvate --> converted into --> acetyl coA in mitochondria --> combined with oxygen --> make water + CO2 in Krebs cycle --> Greater ATP synthesis.
45
In what form does pyruvate can be converted to in yeast and some bacteria?
To ehanol.
46
What happens to pyruvate in humans when no oxygen is available?
It is converted to lactate.
47
What is the Lactate dehydrogenase?
An important enzyme.
48
What is the function of Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme?
It reversibly converts pyruvate to lactate and vice versa.
49
On what does the function of Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme depend on?
On how much pyruvate and lactate is present.
50
Why is the function of Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme important?
It maintains glycolysis.
| It removes final product of glycolysis.
51
What happens to our bodies if lactate levels build up?
We end up with local acidosis.
| Causes cramps.
52
What must happen to lactate when oxygen becomes available again?
It needs to be 'burned off'.
It is turned back into pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase.
And enters mitochondria.
And enters Krebs cycle.
53
What is the Krebs cycle?
A pathway.
Glycolysis --> Pyruvate --> used.
Pyruvate --> generates --> NADH + FADH.
NADH +FADH --> used in ETC.
54
What happens in the presence of oxygen?
Pyruvate --> in mitochondria --> converted to key metabolic intermediate: acetyl coA.
Acetyl coA uses CoASH and NAD+.
Carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate --> releases CO2, NAD+ --> reduced to NADH.
Acetyl group --> transferred to co enzyme A.
55
In what do the products of various steps in Krebs cycle pathways be used?
In biosynthesis steps: use carbon backbone.
56
From what do amino acids can be made?
From alpha ketoglutaric acid + oxaloacetic acid.
57
From what do porphyrins can be made?
From succinate.
58
Where is succinate used?
For haemoglobin biosynthesis.
59
From what can glycose be resynthesized?
From malic acid.
60
What is Acetyl CoA?
A key metabolic intermediate.
61
Where do glycolysis and free fatty acid oxidation lead on?
On acetyl-CoA.
62
From what are ketone bodies made?
From acetyl co-A.
63
When does acetyl co-A makes ketone bodies?
When blood glucose is low.
64
What else can the Krebs cycle generate?
The precursors for haem biosynthesis.
65
Why is Acetyl co-A also a precursor of steroid hormones?
Because it is used to make cholesterol from the derived steroids.
66
Where does fatty acid breakdown lead to?
Acetyl coA --> feeds in TCA cycle.
67
To what are triacyl glycerides hydrolysed?
Glycerol + fatty acids.
68
What happens under tight hormonal control from insulin and other hormones when they are involved in energy balance regulation?
Triacyl glycerides are stored in the adipocytes.
69
How is the process of fatty acid breakdown called?
Beta oxidation.
70
When does beta oxidation occur?
In the mitochondria.
71
How does Beta oxidation start?
With an activation phase.
72
What does the activation phase in Beta oxidation involve?
An energizing step.
An ATP consuming reaction.
CoA --> forms acyl Co A.
73
With what does the energizing step in Beta oxidation similar with?
Glycolysis.
74
What happens in the second step of Beta oxidation?
FAD --> reduced to --> FADH2.
Double bond is inserted.
ATP is produced.
75
How many ATPs are made from 1 fatty acid?
1.5 ATPs.
76
How many ATPs are made from 2 fatty acids?
3 ATPs.
77
What happens in the third step of Beta oxidation?
A hydroxyl group is added.
78
What happens in the fourth step of Beta oxidation?
NAD is further reduced to --> NADH.
| NADH --> used --> makes --> more ATP.
79
How many carbons are lost from the carbon chain at each turn of the pathway of Beta oxidation?
2 carbons.
80
What happens to the carbon chain at each turn of the beta oxidation pathway?
It gets shorter each time.
81
What does each cycle of the Beta oxidation pathway produces?
An acetyl coA with 3 carbons.
82
How many ATPs can each acetyl coA make per turn of the Krebs cycle?
10 ATPs.
83
What does the oxidation at each step of Beta oxidation do?
It reduces the length of carbon chain.
An it produces acetyl coA.
Acetyl coA --> enters TCA cycle.
84
Where does the number of acetyl co A molecules made depend on?
On the length of the fatty acid chain.
85
When does Beta oxidation work with fatty acids??
When the number of carbons is optimal.
86
What does Beta oxidation generate?
NADH + FADH2.
87
Where do NADH + FADH2 which are generated by Beta oxidation pathway, used?
They are used by ETC.
88
What do NADH + FADH2 make, when they are generated by Beta oxidation pathway and used by ETC?
They make ATP.
89
Where does amino acid metabolism occur?
In the cytoplasm.
90
How are amino acids derived?
From the break down of proteins.
91
Where can amino acids enter?
In the metabolic pathway.
92
What can amino acids do once they enter the metabolic pathway?
Converted to pyruvate.
Or Converted to acetyl coA.
Or feed into the Krebs cycle.
93
What does the break down of amino acids produces?
Nitrogen waste products.
94
As what do nitrogen waste products present in humans?
As urea, excreted as urine.
95
How many amino acids are turned over by a 70Kg person per day?
400g.
96
How can we replace our loss of nitrogen?
By ingesting essential amino acids.
97
What actually happens in amino acid metabolism?
Proteins from muscle or diet --> break down into --> amino acids.
Transamination moves --> amine group of amino acids.
Amine group --> catalysed by aminotransferase specific for amino acid substrate.
Amine group --> stripped off --> leave just carbon skeleton.
Carbon skeleton --> enters metabolic pathway
Example = amine group from alanine --> removed --> produces --> pyruvate.
98
On what does the entrance of carbon skeleton in metabolic pathway depend?
On its structure.
99
To what are gluconeogenic amino acids converted?
To pyruvate.
100
To what are ketogenic amino-acids converted?
To acetyl-CoA.
101
What happens to acetyl-CoA after it is converted by ketogenic amino acids?
Enters Krebs cycle.
| Or it is converted to ketone bodies.
102
Why are the metabolic pathways known as catabolic pathways?
Because they break down carbon sources.
103
How much ATP is generated in the catabolic pathways of metabolism?
Only a small amount.
104
Is ATP used in all steps of metabolic pathways?
No.
| Only in some steps.
105
What is oxygen in ETC?
The final electron acceptor.
106
What is the function of oxygen as the last electron acceptor in ETC?
It is combined with H+ --> couples --> break down + oxidative phosphorylation --> make --> ATP --> energy.
107
What is the function of ATP as energy when is generated by carbon hydrogen coupled with oxidative phosphorylation?
Powers almost all our essential processes: biosynthesis, movement, ion pumping.
108
Where do the high energy reducing molecules used?
In Krebs cycle --> reduction, oxidation.
109
Why do the high energy reducing molecules used in reduction and oxidation steps?
To produce ATP.
| To link energy consuming pathways of carbon breakdown with energy production.
110
Where is some ATP generated and by what?
In the cytoplasm by glycolysis.
111
Where is most of the ATP generated and by what?
In the mitochondria.
| By oxidative phosphorylation.
112
What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?
ADP + substrate --> is converted to ATP in form of carbon chains.
ATP --> generates NADH + oxygen + ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate).
113
What reaction is oxidative phosphorylation?
A redox reaction.
114
Why is oxidative phosphorylation a redox reaction?
Because NADH is oxidised.
| Oxygen is reduced.
115
What does the generation of ATP requires to be generated?
A concentration gradient.
116
What concentration gradient is generated in the generation of ATP?
Something like a hydroelectric dam.
Protons.
Or H+.
117
What is the function of hydroelectric dam as concentration gradient?
Water is pumped up hill --> released though turbine.
118
Where can the downhill kinetic energy be used to release water though a turbine?
Energy --> drives --> turbine --> generates --> electricity.
119
What does the pumping of ATP require?
The double membrane of the mitochondria.
120
What happens in the mitochondria in ATP pumping?
A sequence of proteins is involved.
121
What do the proteins do in the ATP pumping in mitochondria?
Proteins use oxidation of NADH + FADH to pump H+ --> head of protons is released.
122
How is the head of protons released in ATP pumping in mitochondria?
In a controlled way.
123
Through what are head protons released?
Through the turbine.
124
What is the turbine through which head of protons are released in a controlled way?
ATP synthase.
125
Why are the head of protons released in a controlled way through the turbine in ATP binding in mitochondria?
To make ATP.
126
Where does the ATP pumping occur?
In the mitochondria.
127
How many membranes do mitochondria have?
2.
128
What are the membranes of mitochondria?
An outer one.
| Ans a highly folded inner one.
129
How are the folds called?
Cristae.
130
Where are the complexes of the electron transfer chain involved?
In ATP generation.
131
Where are the complexes of mitochondria involved?
In the inner membrane.
132
Why is the inner membrane of mitochondria so great?
Because of the folding.
| Lots of complexes are packed into small spaces of mitochondria.
133
Where are the enzymes of Krebs cycle and beta oxidation?
In the lumen of the mitochondria.
134
What is the function of the enzymes in Krebs cycle and beta oxidation?
To hand their reducing electron carriers to ETC.
135
What is the key feature in mitochondria?
The gap between the two membranes.
136
Where do the protons get pumped from the lumen of the mitochondria?
In the inter membrane space.
137
Where are the complexes of the ETC embedded?
In the inner membrane.
138
What happens every time complexes hand an electron from one complex to the next?
One complex is oxidised.
The next is reduced.
A proton = H+ --> pumped into --> intermembrane space.
139
What does the action of complexes in ETC create?
A 'head' of protons that are itching to get back into the mitochondrion's lumen down their electrochemical gradient.
140
What do some protons manage to do?
To leak back across.
| And dissolve energy as heat.
141
What do most of the protons do?
Can not leak back.
142
Why do most of the protons can not leak back?
Because the membrane of the mitochondrion is relatively impermeable to them.
143
What do most of the protons that can not leak back to the mitochondrion do?
They bind with the 'ratchet' system of ATP synthase.
144
What is the function of the 'ratchet' system of ATP synthase?
It allows the protons to cross back into the lumen but by using the 'proton motive force'.
145
What does the 'proton motive force do'?
It drives ATP synthesis.
146
What is the ATP synthesis?
The cellular equivalent of a hydroelectric dam.
147
What do NADH +FADH2 from Krebs cycle and other steps of carbon source breakdown do?
They deliver the electrons needed for redox reactions which will occur.
148
What are the NADH + FADH2 based on their function in ETC?
Electron carriers.
149
Where do the electrons that are passed from one ETC complex to the next move?
From a higher to a lower energy level.
| Energetically travelling down hill.
150
What is used to move the H+ from the lumen to the intermembrane space against an electrochemical gradient in ETC?
The release of energy.
151
How are the complexes of the ETC labelled?
Complexes 1 to 4.
152
What happens at complex 1 of ETC?
NADH --> donates --> electrons --> reduces complex.
| NADH --> regenerates NAD+ --> returns for use in --> Krebs cycle.
153
Where does the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH occur?
In the mitochondrial lumen.
154
Where is the reduction by complex 1 used?
In proton pumping across the membrane.
155
What does the complex 2 not do?
Pumping protons.
156
Why is the complex 2 important in ETC?
Because it receives the electrons donated from FADH2.
157
Are the electrons in FADH2 at a lower energy state than complex 1?
Yes.
158
Why do the electrons in FADH2 can not travel uphill to donated them in complex 2?
Because they are at a lower energy state than in complex 1.
159
What happens as there are more donated electrons from FADH2?
Fewer protons are pumped.
| Proton gradient id not built up as much.
160
What is the same function of complex 1 and 2?
They hand their electrons on to a carrier molecule.
161
What is the carrier molecule that complex 1 and 2 hand their electrons to?
Ubiquinone = Q.
162
What is the ubiquinone molecule?
A mobile carrier that slide back and forth electrons.
163
What does the molecule Q do?
Picks up electrons from complex 1 and 2.
| Delivers the electrons from the complexes to complex 3.
164
What does the complex 3 do?
Pumps another H+.
165
What does the H+ pumping of complex 3 allow?
The movement of the electrons to another mobile carrier = cytochrome C.
166
What does the mobile carrier cytochrome C from complex 3 do?
Delivers the electrons to complex 4.
167
What does complex 4 do?
Splits molecular oxygen into 2.
168
What does the molecular oxygen split into 2 by complex 4 do?
Accepts H+ in the lumen of mitochondria.
| Generates water.
169
How many electrons per oxygen molecule are required?
4 electrons.
170
How many water molecules are made per oxygen molecule?
2 water molecules.
171
What are the two major jobs of ETC?
To turn NADH back into NAD+ and turn FADH2 back into FAD --> to keep catabolic processes of Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation going. = biochemical level recycling.
And to generate the proton gradient --> to have ATP.
172
What does the proton motive force is used to do?
To drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
173
Where can the uncoupling process be used for?
For the proton motive force.
174
How is ATP made?
By using the energy form the proton gradient.
175
Why is ATP made?
To drive ATP synthesis.
176
How is the process of ATP synthesis called?
Chemiosmosis.
177
By what is the gradient that powers ATP synthesis maintained by?
By the complexes that make up the ETC.
178
Where is the ATP synthase complex for ATP synthesis embedded in?
In the inner membrane of mitochondria.
179
Can the protons pass back through the inner mitochondrial membrane on their own?
No.
180
Where are the protons that cannot pass back through the inner mitochondrial membrane on their own trapped in?
In the intermembrane space.
181
Why are the protons trapped in the intermembrane space?
Because the core of the bilayer membrane is too hydrophobic for ions to get through in large amounts. They need help.
182
In what form does the help come for the protons to pass back through the intermembrane mitochondrial membrane?
In the form of ATP synthase.
183
How is the form of ATP synthase called?
Complex 5.
184
What is the formation of ATP from ADP?
Energetically unfavourable.
| Pi + energy --> ADP +Pi --> ATP.
185
What does the ATP synthase do in the formation of ATP from ADP?
ATP synthase traps energy from proton gradient --> synthesis.
186
How many subunits occur in ATP synthase?
2.
187
What are the subunits of ATP synthase?
FO.
| F1.
188
What can F1 subunit of ATP synthase do?
It rotates in relation to FO.
189
where does the FO subunit of ATP synthase occur?
In the membrane.
190
What does the ability to rotate of F1 mean?
F1 is a molecular machine.
| It is a turbine.
191
From where do the protons move?
From a channel in F0 --> bind to a ring on F0.
192
What does the binding of protons on the ring of F0 cause?
F0 to rotate a notch.
193
What do H+ ions do?
They exit from F0 --> in lumen.
194
What is the exist of H+ from F0 into lumen?
A one way door.
195
Where are the H+ transferred from the lumen?
It is transferred to F1 subunit.
196
By what is the H+ transferred from the lumen to F1 subunit?
By a central stalk.
197
What does the central stalk do?
It connects the F1 and F0 subunits of ATP synthase.
198
What is the shape of the stalk?
It is shaped like a cam shaft.
199
What happens to the stalk as it rotates?
It squashes F1 subunit --> conformational change in F1.
200
Of what is F1 made?
Of 3 dimers.
201
In what are the 3 dimers of F1 arranged?
In a ring.
202
What happens in ATP synthesis process?
ADP + P1 bind in gap between two dimers --> stalk rotation --> dimers squash together --> squash ADP + Pi together --> ADP +Pi fuse --> form ATP.
203
What does the other rotation of the stalk that is driven by H+ movement through F0 do?
It lets dimers pop apart again --> release newly formed ATP --> ADP +Pi bind again.
204
What does hold the 2 subunits together and allows the dimers to flex with each rotation of the internal stalk?
A flexible peripheral stalk.
205
What process gives the inner mitochondrial membrane its characteristic folds = cristae?
Dimerization of ATP synthase.
206
What happens in the dimerization of ATP synthase?
The proton gradient is focussed near ATP synthase --> makes process highly efficient.
207
In what does the top of ATP synthase complex rotate in?
In small protons passing through.
208
How many rotations of ATP synthase required to produce 1 ATP?
3.
209
What does maintain the H+ in ETC?
Other complexes.
210
What does the proton gradient do?
It couples oxidation of fuels.
211
Why does the proton gradient couples oxidation of fuels?
To phosphorylate ADP --> produce chemical energy --> form ATP.
212
What is the process of: H+ + oxidation of fuels --> ADP phosphorylation --> chemical energy --> ATP called?
The proton motive force.
213
What else can the proton motive force do?
Active transport.
214
What is the process of active transport of proton motive force?
Pyruvate enters --> mitochondria.
ADP enters --> mitochondria.
ATP exits --> mitochondria --> used by cytoplasmic enzymes.
215
What drives ADP-ATP exchange?
A voltage gradient.
216
What drives the pyruvate and phosphate import?
pH gradient.
217
What do the complexes do in prokaryotes?
They set up a proton pump between the cytoplasm and the intermembrane space between outer bacterial membrane and inner membrane = in a mitochondrion.
218
What can the complexes in prokaryotes do?
They use the flow of protons --> drive flagella movement.
219
The process of complexes that set up proton pump in the mitochondrion to use the flow of protons to drive flagella movement describes?
How the proton gradient is used to drive the motor of F0 and F1 in ATP synthase.
220
What is the difference between ATP synthesis process and complexes process in prokaryotes?
The energy is directed in --> movement.
| Or the energy is directed in --> kinetic energy.
221
In how many revolutions does flagellar motor rotate?
> 100/second.
222
What protons occur in flagellum?
Stator proteins.
| And rotor proteins.
223
Where does ETC result in?
In a build up of protons in the intermembrane space in mitochondria.
224
For what is the head of protons used?
To drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
225
What occurs across the membrane normally?
A 'proton leak'.
226
What doe the 'proton leak' do?
It dissolves energy as heat.
| It helps endotherms --> generate own body heat.
227
Who have lower proton leak. Reptiles, mammals or birds?
Reptiles.
228
What else do we have in BAT?
UCP1.
229
What is UCP1?
A protein.
230
What does UCP1 do when activated?
It allows protons to move back rapidly --> generate heat, not ATP.
231
Why is UCP1 process important?
It is a fast method.
| It maintains body T when we get cold.
232
What would happen if all our cells moves protons back rapidly and generate heat than ATP?
We would die from ATP lack.
233
Where is the UCP1 process done?
In specialised cells.
234
Why is UCP1 process carefully regulated?
For the cells to not lose ATP generating capacity altogether.
235
What was used to be believed for BAT depots between shoulder blades?
Only occurred in new-borns --> regulate T after birth while other aspects of thermal balance were developing.
236
What is 'hibernoma'?
An unusual cancer form found in 2009.
237
What were scientists using to find the tumours in 'hibernoma' cancer in 2009?
A whole-body image that identifies regions of high glucose uptake.
238
What did scientists discovered about 'hibernoma' cancer in 2009?
People without cancers had lots of little diffuse 'bright spot' throughout their fat tissue.
Adult humans have BAT = harder to find than in babies.
239
What did scientists discovered about 'hibernoma' cancer in 2009?
People without cancers had lots of little diffuse 'bright spot' throughout their fat tissue.
Adult humans have BAT = harder to find than in babies.
240
Why is harder to find BAT in adults than in babies?
Because depots are small, scattered, not predictable in location between people .
Depots only activate when the person is cold.
241
Where is BAT most predictable?
Under clavicles in neck.
242
Why was WAT 'browned up'?
To help people lose fat mass.
243
What is BAT?
Brown adipose tissue.
Highly vascularised.
Lots of mitochondria for heat production.
244
What is WAT?
White adipose tissue.
Few mitochondria.
Specialised for fat storage.
245
What is UCP1?
Uncoupling protein.
246
What was dinitrophenol = DNP in 1930?
A chemical.
| A powerful weight loss drug.
247
How did DNP work?
By uncoupling ETC from ATP synthesis.
| Collapsing proton gradient in uncontrolled way.
248
What were the serious effects from DNP drug?
Hyperthermia.
249
Why was hyperthermia caused by DNP drug?
Because energy --> drives ATP production --> BUT --> was dissolved as heat.
250
What is he inability to control the ATP production means?
Cells no longer produce enough energy in ATP form.
| Cells generate too much heat.
251
Is the DNP drug still legal?
No.
| It can be purchased illegally.
252
What happens to people that buy DNP drug illegally?
Uncontrolled uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation --> death.
