Cattle Flashcards

Question

A heifer suckler cow, 5 months pregnant is found dead. The heifer was one of 80 cows at pasture and none of the others is showing any clinical signs. Outline your approach to this case. Your answer should include common differential diagnoses and how these could be identified (10 marks).

Answer 1

Septic arthritis of distal joint, necrosis of insertion of deep flexor tendon to distal phalanx, Abscessation and necrosis of the digital cushion, osteitis and osteolysis of the pedal bone, pedal bone open fractures. Intravenous regional analgesia - restrain the animal clip and disinfect over prominent superficial vein distal to tourniquet application, lateral digital vein, radial vein or median Palmer veins available on forelimb, lateral branch of lateral saphenous vein, lateral plantar vein or lateral plantar digital vein on hind limb. Not usually done but if exsanguinating the limb apply butterfly catheter first. Rubber tube tourniquet around the limb or wide flat rubber band on proximal metatarsal, proximal metacarpal region or above the hock or carpus. Needle into vein, aspirate blood to confirm it is in, inject local, usually around 20mls, lidocaine without adrenaline is better but not licensed. Withdraw needle and massage, should take five minutes for anaesthesia, ten for analgesia but work for 1-2hours if tourniquet left in place. Check for full analgesia first in deep tissues, caudal aspect of interdigital cleft, sometimes skin between digits not fully anaesthetised. Release tourniquet slowly over ten seconds, should not cause problems if ten minutes been given before release. Take around five minutes after tourniquet released for normal sensation, initial analgesic effects not uniform. Procedure - scalpel cut starting at interdigital space and ending in the middle of the second phalanx, embryotomy wire to cut through bone, check for haemorrhage when tourniquet released, antibiotic spray, bandage, systemic antibiosis, clean dry place for two weeks, remove bandage after 96hours. Don't stress animal, good after care, cull when drying off, likely to have future problems.

Answer 2

``` cow pox parapox BHV2,4 BPV 1,5,6 fusobacterium FMD VS ``` Teat lesions allow adherence of bacteria and weaken the barrier of the skin, may dilate teat. and remove plug.

Answer 3

Rolling - cast the cow (rope at pressure points at level of scapula and the just in front of the pelvis), onto the right hand side first . Slowly rolled into dorsal with the abdomen being needed and following the abomasum with auscultation, hold in dorsal, then rest in left lateral recumbency, hold down for few minutes than let up. Percutaneous technique - grymer-sterner toggle technique, pass a large curved needle through the body wall into the abomasum. Cast cow into right lateral, clip xiphisternum and umbilicus to right of midline, surgical disinfectant, local anaesthetic into cranial xiphisternum and caudal to xiphisternum. Roll into dorsal, knead left flank, auscultation of ping and have assistant kneel in front of the udder to exert pressure on the abdomen to keep abomasum close to body wall. Trochar through body wall and into abomasum, don't let too much gas escape, toggle suture through trocar with help of push rod, confirm location as pH less than 4, repeat at cranial site, tie the two suture ends with a hand gap in between knot and body wall, roll into left lateral, hold in that position for five to ten mins, abts. Paramedian laparotomy with ventral abomopexy or omentopexy under local - right lateral recumbency on soft surface, roll into dorsal, clip, sterilise to right of midline between umbilicus and xiphisternum, longitudinal incision through body wall large enough for hand, identify abomasum, pull to incision, suture abdominal wall to body wall just inside incision or incorporate the omentum close to abomasum. Left flank laparotomy with abomasopexy or omentopexy under paravertebral or local infiltration anaesthesia. Clip ventral right area as per usual, clip left flank between 12th rib and tuber coxae, routine incision close to last rib, visualise abomasum, grab fold of greater omentum and pull into incision, two metre long absorbable suture into abomasum or omentum in a continuous mattress suture pattern, 4-5 bites. Pass down inner abdominal wall, and bring out at location of bottom sterilised area, repeat for cranial suture. Push abomasum down to midline whilst rotating it anticlockwise, assistant takes up slack in suture, position by yourself and once ok assistant ties it off like above. Close flank in routine manner. Right flank laparotomy with right omentopexy or pyloropexy. Right flank incision, reposition abomasum into correct position, may need deflation with 19G needle and attached tubing, dorsal pressure and pull ventrally on greater omentum, attach pylorus to body wall just cranial to flank incision, or incorporate a fold of the omentum close to pylorus into first layer of flank closure. Identify right area with sows ear/omental flap. Close incision. Bilateral laparotomy with right sided omentopexy or pyloropexy. Like above but one side to push it across. Laparoscopy - minimally invasive, visual control, two toggle sutures into the abomasum through two keyhole incision into the left flank, retrieve sutures with cow now in dorsal recumbency through two ventral incisions. Aftercare - antibiosis, analgesia, erythromycin (increased abomasum emptying and milk yield following surgery) and flunixin (rumen rate strongly increased at day one post surgery) dexamethasone (some support but then no NSAIDS). Oral propylene glycol and palatable food, insulin has shown evidence every 48 hours for refractory ketosis, may be hypocalcaemic, IV sodium chloride in dehydrated animals with hypochloraemia and hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis present. Concentrates reduced to 0.5-1kg bid and gradually increased to normal amount in seven days, transfaunation in refractory cases and ruminal stasis. Treat any concurrent disease. Comparison of techniques - position, dorsal recumbency get regurg, more stressful, bad in pregnant and endotoxic. Easiest to see abomasum if go in the left, see ulcers and adhesions as well, decompression best in open left flank, good anchorage in most, best on right, high risk of contamination on paramedian and severe consequences if breakdown, can view other organs on right and bilateral, need two surgeons for bilateral, non vet assistants for casting, can't do anything for adhesions on toggle, time and cost other factors. Risk factors for LDA - abomasal wall pathology, fibre need 2-5cm, over feeding in early dry period (increased fat mobilisation in periparturient period, limit concentrate levels to 0.5-0.75 BW but important as increases ruminal papillae area and increases ability to absorb VFA, want forage:concs 60:40 ideally), negative energy balance prepartum (increased serum NEFA), high BCS - want between 2.75-3.25, increases higher than this. poor feed face management (trough space, not ad libertum, staleness, sorting), prepartum diet more than 1.65Mcal net energy. Concentrates postpartum gradual introduction, important first calving heifers. Maize and silage large amounts. Poor housing Hypocalcaemia likely. Fatty liver necrosis, ketosis increases risk of lda and lda increases risk of ketosis. Metritis, RFM, time of year, bullying, lameness.

Answer 4

Restrain, sedate Retrobulbar block and auriculopalprebral block 4 points around the eye. Suture eyelids shut, incise around globe through skin and dissect back to opthalmic vessel and nerve. Attempt to ligate. Pack socket.Close

Answer 5

Restrain, sedate Retrobulbar block, block 4 points around the eye. Suture eyelids shut, incise around globe through skin and dissect back to opthalmic vessel and nerve. Attempt to ligate. Pack socket.Close

Answer 6

Routine Foot Trimming 1) Trim toe length to 7.5cm approx. 2) Match untrimmed claw to this. 3) Dish out Corrective Trimming 4) Relieve weight off painful claw 5) Remove loose/under-run horn and hard ridges - Block medial claw - ensure adequate drainage of ulcer, clean and protect using antibiotic spray/equvalent

Answer 7

Clinical signs - abortion and infertility, irregular cycles, multiple returns to service, early embryo death, some can cause abortion at 4-7 months, mucoflucculant vaginal discharge post serving possible. Diagnosis - infertility = rule out other causes, isolate from vaginal mucus or preputial washes/scraping from the bull, serological tests available. Abortion = isolate from fetal lung, spleen, liver and fetal stomach contents. Control - use AI not natural, maybe for six months only to give cows time to clear infection, replace bulls with Virgin bulls exclusively, avoid bull sharing and hire bulls, routine preputial washes.

Answer 8

Mastitis: ideally 40-60 days. Dry off - stop concentrate feed two weeks before anticipated dry period. Check involution is occurring correctly. Do not allow NEB as increased infection risk. Week 0-3 involution, increased risk; steady state - resistance high especially to new infections; colostrogenesis results in increased risk to new infections, e.coli and strep uberis. Intramammary antibiotic immediately after milking is most effective time for subclinical cases, can use increased dose, reduces incidence of mastitis at calving, gradual decline in protection over dry period. Do not work against gram environmentals, good for strep uberis and staph aureus. Artificial sealants help a lot of quarters that show delayed formation of a keratin plug in the dry period - internal or external (poor). Keep clean dry cow yard, remove chances of environmental infection. Metabolic Diseases: NEB and SARA. Aim for a body condition score of 2.5-3.0 at calving, fat cows have a depressed DMI and lose body condition in early lactation and resulting problems. Try to reduce in the far dry off period. High quality forages and 24 hour access important. Feed 2-3kg concentrates per day, acts to increase energy density of the ration as the DMI falls, and allows acclimatisation of the rumen microbes to a post calving diet. Promotes rumenal papillae growth and hence an increase in surface area so rapid VFA absorption occurs. Need a sufficient palatable long fibre to stimulate good rumination, enough protein (EDRP for rumenal function and DUP for milk). Otherwise get SARA and leads to NEB, ketosis, LDAs, fertility problems and lamesness issues. Happens when inadequate long fibre in the ration, excessive levels of concentrate, sudden diet changes, poor transition diet. Hypocalcaemia: To reduce risk, can do one of two things: 1) Reduce calcium fed to cows in dry period, causes PTH to be active and bone resorption and maximal GI absorption to be occurring when calving. Can then utilise calcium given in post calving diet. Less than 30g per day.Then increase to over 100g per day at calving. 2) Metabolic alkalosis predisposes to milk fever as lack of bone resorption and reduced calcitriol production from the kidneys. Therefore lowering pH causes release of cations (Ca) and PTH resistance decreases. Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) = (Na+ and K+) - (Cl- and S--). Want to reduce to -100 to -200mEq/kg DM by increasing Cl or S. Magnesium chloride for example. Salts can be harmful, care. Often unpalatable. 2-3 weeks prior to calving. Make sure calcium is above 150g/day. Ensure magnesium is above 40g/day as this can result in poor calcium absorption and result in hypocalcaemia. Reproductive Problems - Hypocalcaemia can cause parturition problems, manage as above. Lack of eating, NEB, and SARA can result in poor oestrus following calving due to impaired GnRH release and decreased IGF-1 via increased GH which is resposible for follicular growth and ovarion follicle responsiveness. Important as want to be pregnant by 80 days post calving. Lameness - SARA is one of the underlying conditions that results in laminitis. Get sole ulcers and white line disease, even toe rotation. Excessive concentrates, poor DMI and fibre intake, sudden diet changes results in acidosis and then laminitis. Also, good time to check the cows feet as they come into the dry cow yard and take corective measures. Improtant as need them to go to food.

Answer 9

Diagnosis: History - Any predisposing factors, when did the cow calve? Any fertility problems? Any problems with calving? Any recent systemic problems? What is the milk yield and has it dropped? Clinical exam - Usually systemically well, can show some signs of septicaemia. Usually a white or whitishyellow mucopurulant vaginal discharge present. Vaginal examination - Assess discharge/fluid. Grade 1 - Flecks of white/pus in the mucus. Grade 2 - 50/50 pus and mucus. Grade 3 - All pus. Rectal examination - Uterus feels doughy. Rectal ultrasound can show cloudy fluid present in the uterus, may not be able to pick it up though. Treatment: Intrauterine antibiotics - Tube through the cervix into the uterus. Only licensed product is metricure - cephapirin - 2nd generation cephalosporin. Give PGF2a - If CL present with make the uterus come under control of oestrogens that promote blood flow and expose infection to immune system. Apparently may have effects even if CL isnt there. Intrauterine flushing has no evidence of working and may actually cause more harm than good. Peopl have used chlorhexidine. Leave it, most will resolve on their own and recheck in three weeks.

Answer 10

Diagnosis: History - Any predisposing factors, when did the cow calve? Any fertility problems? Any problems with calving? Any recent systemic problems? What is the milk yield and has it dropped? Clinical exam - Usually systemically well, can show some signs of septicaemia. Usually a white or whitishyellow mucopurulant vaginal discharge present. Vaginal examination - Assess discharge/fluid. Grade 1 - Flecks of white/pus in the mucus. Grade 2 - 50/50 pus and mucus. Grade 3 - All pus. Rectal examination - Uterus feels doughy. Rectal ultrasound can show cloudy fluid present in the uterus, may not be able to pick it up though. Treatment: Intrauterine antibiotics - Tube through the cervix into the uterus. Only licensed product is metricure - cephapirin - 2nd generation cephalosporin. Give PGF2a - If CL present with make the uterus come under control of oestrogens that promote blood flow and expose infection to immune system. Apparently may have effects even if CL isnt there. Intrauterine flushing has no evidence of working and may actually cause more harm than good. Peopl have used chlorhexidine. Leave it, most will resolve on their own and recheck in three weeks.

Answer 11

Eimeria zuernii, alabamensis, bovis. Diarrhoea with blood, tenesmus, decreased production, neurological signs possible. Treatment - Coccicidals - Sulphamethizine. Treat individual animals as necessary (IVFT, lectade etc). Control - All in all out, clean and disinfect in between batches. Preventative drugs can be used such as monensin. Isolate affected animals. Keep age groups separate and don't mix. Clean and disinfect in between each age group. Get cattle from appropriate source. Keep outside.

Answer 12

Psudocowpox - Parapox virus - small red papules on teats. Herpes mammillitis - BHV-2 - Painful swelling and reddening leading to oedematous plaques that form vesicles that then rupture.Thick dark red scab then forms. Cowpox - Erythema and pustule Papillomas - BPV-2 - Warts FMD - FMDV arterivirus - Ulcerative lesions on teats Vesicular stomatitis - Ulcerative lesions on teats Ringworm - Trichophyton verrucosum Grey-white crust encrustations BActerial - Staph aureus, Strep dysgalactiae, T pyogenes can all infect scrapes and lesions on the teats leading to a bacterial pyoderma and even abscesses.

Answer 13

Treatment - Dutch 5 step claw trimming: 1) Cut back the inner claw to a length of 7.5 cm from the coronet, where the horn starts. The cut must be perpendicular to the sole. Trim back the sole to a thickness of 0.5 - 0.8 cm at the tip of the toe and leave the thickness of the bulb or heel as it was. Save the height of the heel. 2) Cut back the length of the outer claw to the same length as the inner claw and trim the sole to an equal height as the inner claw (if possible). In case of a buckled toe (laminitic claw) it is not always possible to reach the same height in the toe. The heel or bulb is more important, because it bears most of the weight. 3) Modelling: Trim the claws into a slightly hollow shape, starting 2.5 to 3cm from the toe towards the heel. This will keep the space between the claws clean and airy (preventing inter-digital dermatitis / slurry heel) 4) Curative step: If there is a defects like sole ulcer and or wall ulcer this claw must be trimmed down further. This creates a height difference between the healthy and damaged claw and the weight bearing is partly transferred to the healthy claw. The damaged claw can heal more quickly. In case of too little height difference a block may be applied to the healthy claw to raise its height. In case of bruising of the sole, a height difference can be made, but don’t trim the sole too thin. In step two the excess weight is removed and this is normally enough relief for the claw. Step 4 is not needed during preventative trimming. 5) Remove loose horn and hard ridges at the heel area of the claws. Be careful in the inner claw: here only the fissures in the heel are removed, any further loose horn is not a problem. Removing it will affect the stability and the height of the claw. In the outer claw loose horn and ridges have to be removed in the last two-thirds of the sole surface. At last check the feet for digital dermatitis. Manage: Good nutrition, straw yard, reduce standing for milking, minimise any standing time, increase lying behaviour, routine claw trimming, improve the walkways.

Answer 14

Indications: spastic paresis (contraction of gastrocnemius leading to severe over extension of hock). Operate in lateral recumbency under sedation and high epidural or GA. Identify the groove between the two heads of the biceps femoris (can be done in standing animal prior to procedure and marked). Incise skin and bluntly dissect between the two heads of biceps femoris down to the popliteal lymph node. Slightly deep to the lymph node is the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into the peroneal and tibial nerves. The peroneal nerve proceeds superficially over the lateral aspect of the stifle and the tibial nerve dives down deeply into the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. Electrical stimulation can be used to confirm the identities: tibial nerve – extends hock, flexes digits; peroneal nerve – flexes hock, extends digits. Remove a 2cm section of the tibial nerve. Close incision by subcuticular layer followed by skin. Box rest for 2 weeks post surgery. If condition is bilateral allow 8 week rest before correcting the other side. Complication – gastrocnemius rupture in heavy cattle following overstretching (rare). Good prognosis.

Answer 15

Cost limited drugs as food producing animals rumen always full- long starvation but never empty. Regurgitation/aspiration risk ruminal tympany risk intra abdominal pressure- respiratory and cardiac compromise continuous saliva production- slippery floors must be positioned to allow to drain (metabolic acidosis unlikely) large, heavy animals- pressure and positioning alpha 2 agonists in sheep- pulmoary hypertension and hypoxaemia starvation may cause bradycardia

Answer 16

BVDV is a pestivirus with cytopathic and non cytopathic strains. A PI calf infected in utero during days 40-130 gestation with a ncp strain. This causes immunotolerance because the immune system is not yet functioning, and so the calf is antigen positive but antibody negative at birth. It is born showing no signs of disease, though it may show poor growth. This calf sheds disease faecally and in doing so infects other members of the herd. In naïve animals we see two forms, one showing diarrhoea in adult cattle and a mild decrease in milk production. This is generally mild with little mortality. Type 2 is more cytopathic and can cause haemorrhagic diarrhoea with increased mortality. Infection of pregnant cows will cause a spectrum of signs depending on their stage of gestation- it can produce early embryotic abortion and resorption (or retention of the fetus and expulsion late on), mid gestation it causes more PI calves and late gestation animals can recover due to a competent immune system, or show congentiatl defects such s cerebellar hypoplasia and cataracts). PI calves show signs of mucosal disease at 6-24 months when the ncp strain mutates to a cp straineither through mutation or exposure to a different strain. This causes ulceration throughout the GI tract and these animals invariably die. Diagnosis- Bulk milk tank PCR looking for antigen/antibody to assess herd health status. If positive the aim needs to be to find and eliminate PI calves. PI calves are antigen positive, antibody negative (as are recently exposed cattle). Can test as born using genetic test on ear sample taken at tagging. Could attempt serological testing, but often cattle who abort have serologically converted by the time of abortion, viral antigen followed by serology for antibody is possible with cohorts or individual animal). Rarely present in aborted fetal tissue. Identify and eliminate PI calves. Maintain a closed herd to reduce Trojan cow. Bulk milk test. Investigate abortions. Vaccinate.

Answer 17

Hypomagnesmia/grass staggers. Cattle cant store much magnesium so need new supply every day, any cause of decrease in intake can cause clinical signs. Fast growing grass has reduced magnesium if turned out, inclement weather with turn out, increased requirement, inappetence, concurrent disease (especially hypocalcaemia), inadequate supplementation of home mixed ration. Magnesium is a cofactor in many enzyme reactions including ATP, and affects CA, K and Na channels. It plays a critical role in neuromuscular transmission and so causes muscle hyperactivity leading to depression, tremors, hypersalivation, tetanic spasms, convusions. Magnesium alone IV causes severe arrhythmias and death. Can give with calcium boroglucanate slow IV and then subcutaneous with an increased concentration. May need to sedate to control tetany and minimise stimulation. Don’t turn out on days with inclement weather, wean, supplement ration. Can give boluses. Can add to water. Don’t use potassium containing fertilisers.

Answer 18

``` History- vaccinations, previously identified pathogens, treatments Management Clinical exam from afar Clinical exam of affected Wisconsin score thoracic auscultation in US- see ear droop. Can PM and look for lesions, culture/pcr/VI for candidates. If alive use swabs/ BAL to get samples ``` Draughts, wet bedding, overcrowding, poor quality milk replacers, inadequate colostral intake, stress, stockmanship IBR, PI3, RSV, M haemolytica, (H somni), P multocida, P trehalosi, trouperella, Staphs, salmonella, c.pyogenes tx- appropriate antibiosis- oxytet, forfenicol, ceftiofur, tilmycosin, NSAIDs- decrease recovery time bronchodilators if v sick- clenbuterol expectorants/mucolytics- bromhexidine TLC inc fluid individual housing, hyperimmune antisera, vacc dams, can screen herd for IBR

Answer 19

``` History Management Clin exam from afar Clinical examination of sick individuals Post mortem IgG testing- Zn turbidity, total protein, RID, ELISA Assess cows including metabolic profile if deemed necessary- mastitis, colastral quality. Check colostrum handling. ``` Monitor closely, particularly colostral intake. If any doubt supplement. Give 2L in first 2 hours, 6L in first 12. Suckling better than bottle better than tube but most important to get it in. Two feeds boosts absorption. Don’t foremilk, catch any running milk (IgG 1 actively concentrated). Test calves routinely for IgG using cow side ELISA, consider plasma transfusions where necessary. Staffing- proven that farmers wife better Housing- improve bedding, stocking density, cleanliness and ventilation Removal from dam- ASAP if johnes etc, 12 hours to allow sucking Good quality milk replacers Check navel dipping technique/solution Vaccinate dams if scours, respiratory (NOT for E coli sepsis)

Answer 20

Rubber ring- less than 7 days, can be applied by anyone, no local needed, or systemic pain relief Burdizzo- maximum age 12 weeks, but requires local and to be done by a vet after 8 weeks. Surgical- torsion and traction up to 12 weeks, emasculators 3-9 months then ligatures over 9 months. Over 8 weeks requires local and a vet.

Answer 21

``` Anthrax Rabies Aujeskys Brucellosis Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia TB- endemic BSE- endemic Rinderpest Warble fly Bluetongue FMD enzootic bovine leukosis ```

Answer 22

Any surgical procedure of the distal limb (e.g digit amp), or potentially painful investigations of the distal limb. Clip and prepare area first. Apply tourniquet to proximal to joint above area required (carpus and tarsus). Torniquet use a wide rubber band (less painful than thinner) Butterly catherter into superficial vein, apply local, may need to remove corresponding volume of blood to fit in. (approx. 20mls procaine). Wait for local to take effect (5mins for anaesthesia, 10 for analgesia), test effect using needle onto caudal solar margin and interdigital skin. Perform procedure. Must wait minimum of 20 minutes form applying tourniquet to removal, maximum 90 minutes. Remove over 10 minutes to avoid rapid reperfusion of the local systemically and of the limb. Too short- too much local delivered systemically- arrthymias Too long- tissue hypoxia leading to necrosis Reperfusion- if removed too quickly reperfusion injury causing increase ROS and damage. Keep cow down until feeling returned or risk of limb damage by inappropriate weight bearing Doesn’t work- inflamed tissue has increased acidity and local is less effective Hypertension of the limb and blood vessel damage- adding in too much local can cause vessels to rupture Tendon and nerve damage by trouniquet too tight

Answer 23

Monitor herd once a month on non slip floor. Individually watch each cow make 6-10 strides. Identities recorded of cows scored 2 or 3 and a tally of 0-1. Repeat examination if unsure 0- walks with even rhythm, long strides and even weight bearing, flat back 1-shortened stride but affected limb not identifiable 2- uneven weight bearing, limb identifiable, shortened strides with hunched back 3- as score 2 but unable to keep up with herd.

Answer 24

``` Milk drop Ketosis- depression, neurological signs Diarrhoea Left abdominal distension Abomasal tympany (ping on ausculatation) Anorexia ``` Rolling- cheap, ?easy, no surgery, risk of recurrence/ non fixation if adhesions Roll and toggle- blind toggling increases risk of not accurate positioning or not acutally toggling, wont work if adhesions, cheaper and no large wound to manage. Surgical- Right flank- usual method, accurate repositioning of abomansum, good visualisation of pexy, hard to reach abomasum Bilateral- extra person required, easier to reach abomasum, good pexy as right flank. Two wounds. Utrecht- good visulaisation of abomasum, extra assistant needed, avoid mammary vein, blind repositioning Para sternal- need to get down (GA preferable), but easy and quick as abomasum should float to incision site. Wound dehiscence catastrophic. Lapaoscopy- possible, technical demanding but minimal inicision and improved recovery

Answer 25

Leptospira hardjo, pomonoa, gripptphosa. Sporadic milk drop nad agalactica. ZOONOTIC. Abortions, still borths and weak calves, reduced fertility by increased returns (early embryonic deaths) and infertility. Abortion storms with Pomona and gryptiphysosa but spor=adic with hardjo. Most subclinical. May see interstitial nephritsis at slaughter. Abortion- dam serology, pared serology of little value but high antibodies taken as proof. Specific antibodies in fetal fluids. Leptospires in fetal organs- culture or IF. Herd- blood/bulk milk serology Treat any infected with streptomycin. Vaccination from 6 months, yearly booster. Reduce rodents. Biosecruity, good hygiene, pasteurisation, isolation of infected, investigate all abortions.