Causation

Question 1

causation

Answer 1

Actual cause But-for cause But for the defendant’s intentional/reckless act,would the harm to the victim have come about in thesame way and at the same time?
If yes, there is no cause-in-fact.
If no, there is cause-in-fact.
For concurrent causes, ask, was defendant’swrongful conduct a substantial factor in briningabout the result

Question 2

substantial factors

Answer 2

are other factors in negating the but for test for the defendandt