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Animal Behaviour & Evolution > Causation and Development > Flashcards

Causation and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroendocrine Response

A
  • triggered by nervous system (ie. CNS/PNS/ANS) stimuli) or endocrine system stimuli
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2
Q

Experiential Learning

A
  • triggered by learned/cognitive/heightening or waning of innate response
  • over organism’s lifetime
  • KOLB (1984):
    CONCRETE EVIDENCE
    REFLECTIVE OBSERVATION
    ABSTRACT CONCEPTUALISATION
    ACTIVE CONCEPTUALISATION
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3
Q

Behaviour Definition

A
  • “… all observable processes by which an animal responds to perceived changes in the internal state of its body or in the external world…”
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4
Q

Factors Affecting Behaviour

A
  • INTERNAL
  • EXTERNAL (ABIOTIC/BIOTIC)
  • CONTEXT DEPENDANT
  • ERRORS
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5
Q

FAB: Internal

A

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS:
- daily schedules reset via zeitgebers (“time givers”)
- annual movements in tune w/seasonal change
- circadian rhythms (24 hour cycle)
MOTIVATIONS (HOMEOSTATIC/NON-HOMEOSTATIC):
- alterations/cues from the physiological state

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6
Q

FAB: Internal (Examples)

A

DEER ANTLERS:

  • hard in winter/autumn (rut); dead bone; eventually shed; sharp tines for fighting.
  • soft in summer/spring (pre-rut); covered in velvet (vascularised skin); living tissue from base (pedicle)
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7
Q

FAB-I: Homeostasis

A
  • BERNARD (1813-1878); “milieu interieur”
  • CANNON (1932); important regulatory role over behaviour (ie. hunger/thirst/temp regulation)
  • normal homeostasis may be over-ridden if changes in beh increase fitness
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8
Q

FAB: External

A 
BIOTIC:
- population density
- sex ratio
ABIOTIC:
- light/temp/tide/habitat features
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9
Q

FAB-E: Population Density

A

DESERT LOCUST:

  • can have SPARSE interactions as eggs, leading to solitary locusts; longer/cryptic/sensitive to physical touch
  • can have DENSE interactions as eggs, leading to gregarious locusts; shorter/conspicuous/swarming pheromones
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10
Q

FAB-E: Abiotic

A

INDIGO BUNTING MIGRATION:
- migration patterns are affected by the stars and climates in regions (ie. southern Mexico for winter only; migratory in the south USA; summer only is NE/NW USA)

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11
Q

FAB: Context Dependant

A
  • alterations of reaction to stimuli over time

- animal can differentiate between stimuli for most appropriate response; saves energy/increases survival

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12
Q

FAB: Errors

A
  • misconception/misidentification of stimuli (ie. hatchling turtles going the wrong way to the sea; swans on motorways along migration mistaking them for rivers)
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13
Q

EL: Reasoning

A

PERMITS:

  • spread of behaviour faster than inheritance
  • horizontal/vertical behaviour transmission
  • common behaviours to alter in rapidly changing environment
  • copying of errors (negative)
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14
Q

EL: Types

A 
- decrease in effect of genes/increase in effect of environment going down
INNATE BEHAVIOUR
MATURATION
CHANCE
SELF-LEARNING
LEARNING FROM OTHERS
INSIGHT LEARNING
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15
Q

EL-T: Innate Behaviour

A
  • LORENZ (1931); behaviour in species context (rather than lab-based approach of comparative USA psych movement); ie. imprinting work w/geese (aka. FIXED ACTION PATTERN)
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16
Q

EL-T-IB: Fixed Action Pattern

A
  • instinctual behaviour sequence highly stereotyped/species specific
  • most likely produced via innate releasing mechanism (aka. releaser); once released, MUST run completion (ie. imprinting)
  • Lorenz’s characteristics involve:
    STEREOTYPED
    COMPLEX
    RELEASED
    TRIGGERED
    INDEPENDANT OF EXPERIENCE
17
Q

FAP: Innate Releasing Mechanism

A
  • sign stimulus/”releaser” = essential cues for FAP (ie. presence of characteristic/behaviour)
  • supernormal stimulus = elicits exaggerated response
18
Q

EL-T: Maturation

A
  • behaviours change/express at predictable stages of organism’s age; full behavioural repertoire developed to enhance fitness of adult
  • facilitated learning hypothesis; helping a species leads to negative effects in helper
19
Q

EL-T: Maturation (Example)

A

SATIN BOWERBIRD:

  • gonads develop; circulating testosterone rises; plumage changes; bower building starts
  • doesn’t work if testosterone is experimental; leads to overall poor bower quality
20
Q

EL-T: Chance

A
  • behaviour determined by single environmental event experienced at crucial life stage (ie. temp/diet)
    CROCODILES/LIZARDS/TURTLE OFFSPRING:
  • male offspring associated w/temp of nest; some lizards/crocodiles have more in heat; lizards/crocodiles/turtles have more in mid-temp; turtles have more in cold
21
Q

EL-T: Self-learning

A
  • behaviour changes as individual personally repeats; actions modified in response to outcomes
  • includes:
    IMPRINTING
    CONDITIONING
    HABITUATION
    DISCRIMINATIVE LEARNING
    ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
22
Q

EL-T-SL: Imprinting

A

GREAT TIT CHICKS:
- cross-fostering; when raised by great tits, adult females preferred great tit song; when raised by blue tits, adults females preferred blue tit song

23
Q

EL-T-SL: Conditioning

A

THORNDIKE (1905)
- puzzle box key in “Law of Effect” (aka. any rewarded beh likely to repeat; any punished beh likely to decrease)
SKINNER (1931)
- insight in time taken to solve problem

24
Q

EL-T-SL: Habituation

A
  • decreased behaviour due to continuous presentation of stimuli w/no reinforcement; eliminates unnecessary behaviour
  • JENNINGS (1902/1904); worked on waning responses to innocuous stimuli in amoeba/stentor worms
  • HUMPHREY (1933); habitation/dishabituation in snails
25
Q

EL-T-SL: Discriminative Learning

A
  • learning different responses pair w/different stimuli

- ie. SPENCE (1937) reviewed by PEARCE et al. (2008); discriminating learning in pigeons

26
Q

EL-T-SL: Associative Learning

A
  • classical conditioning; elicitation of response to previously neutral stimulus
  • PAVLOV (1901); “conditioned reflex” of dogs being conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell that sounded when they were being fed.
27
Q

EL-T: Learning from Others

A
  • behaviour learnt via observing actions of others

- THORNTON; teaching identification of food in young meerkats (ie. scorpions VS eggs)

28
Q

EL-T: Insight Learning

A
  • flash of inspiration/eureka; highest form of learning

- KOHLER (1927) studies w/monkeys

Animal Behaviour & Evolution (10 decks)

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