Cause and Effect

Question 1

Cause and Effect Reasoning Error:

Sequencing

Answer 1

One event, X, occurs before another event, Y, and, on this basis alone, we conclude that the first event, X, must have caused the second, Y.

Question 2

Cause and Effect Reasoning Error:

Co-Occurrence

Answer 2

• We’re apt to make an error in reasoning any time two or more events occur simultaneously, and we conclude, on the basis of their simultaneous occurrence alone, that they are causally linked.
• The simultaneous occurrence of two events does not necessarily indicate that one causes the other.

Question 3

Cause and Effect Reasoning Error:

Confusing Correlation and Causation

Answer 3

Correlation ≠ Causation

Question 4

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument:

Answer 4

1. Reversing the relationship: If the argument assumes or concludes that that A caused B, showing that B may have caused A would successfully weaken the argument.
2. Alternative cause: Show that there is an alternative explanation for the observed effect
3. Third variable: Show that there is a common cause for the two variables in question, rather than a direct cause-and-effect link between the two variables in questions.
4. Effect doesn’t occur when the cause occurs: Show that the supposed cause occurs without the effect occurring will weaken the argument.
5. Effect occurs even when the cause doesn’t occur: Show that the effect occurs even when the supposed cause doesn’t occur

Question 5

Strengthening a Cause-and-Effect Argument

Answer 5

1. Rule out alternative causes
2. Show that when the cause is not present the effect doesn’t occur
3. Show that the relationships can’t be reversed