CAUSE EFFECT ANALYSIS-MHSR 2025

Question 1

What is the purpose of Cause-Effect analysis?

Answer 1

Diagnosing management problems and their effects.

Cause-Effect diagrams provide visual ways to illustrate information from these analyses.

Question 2

What are some common analytic techniques used for Quality Assurance?

Answer 2

• Root Cause Analysis
• Problem tree
• Systems analysis
• Fish-borne analysis
• Process analysis/Flowcharting
• SWOT Analysis
• Brainstorming

These techniques help identify and address quality issues effectively.

Question 3

What is a Root Cause?

Answer 3

An underlying cause of a problem that can explain the ‘effect’ directly or through a series of events.

If removed, it would eliminate or reduce the problem.

Question 4

What is the critical step in improving Quality of Health Care (QoHC)?

Answer 4

Root Cause Analysis

It should follow the review of performance gaps with the stakeholder group that defined the desired performance standards.

Question 5

What is the key purpose of Problem Analysis in Quality Assurance?

Answer 5

To identify main problems and establish cause and effect relationships between these problems.

This ensures that root causes are identified and addressed in the project design.

Question 6

What is a Problem Tree used for?

Answer 6

To analyze problems by identifying core issues and their cause-effect relationships.

It involves group contributions and visual representation of problems.

Question 7

What are the steps in Problem Analysis?

Answer 7

• Identify and list the main problems
• Explain context and purpose
• Use the problem tree method
• List negative statements
• Identify core problems
• Identify cause and effect

These steps facilitate a structured approach to analyzing quality issues.

Question 8

True or False: Problem statements in the Problem Tree should be vague and general.

Answer 8

False

Clear and specific statements are essential for effective analysis.

Question 9

What should be checked after rewording negative statements in the Objective Tree?

Answer 9

• Clarity and unambiguity of statements
• Logical and reasonable links
• Need for additional positive actions
• Manageability of risks
• Sufficiency of actions at each level
• Overall structure simplicity

This ensures the objective statements are actionable and coherent.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: A systematic approach to Root Cause Analysis involves _______.

Answer 10

[systematic manner]

This ensures a thorough and organized identification of root causes.

Question 11

How does the Objective Tree relate to the Problem Tree?

Answer 11

The Objective Tree shows the means-end relationship between objectives, while the Problem Tree shows cause and effect relationships between problems.

This allows for a clear transition from identifying issues to setting objectives.

Question 12

What should be done if statements in the Problem Tree are unclear?

Answer 12

They should be clarified or discarded.

This helps maintain focus on the core problem tree.

Question 13

What is the guiding question for structuring statements in a Problem Tree?

Answer 13

What leads to that?

This helps identify causal relationships in the analysis.

Question 14

What is the final step in drafting the Problem Tree diagram?

Answer 14

Draw vertical links for cause-effect relationships and horizontal links for joint causes and combined effects.

This visually represents the complexity of the problem structure.

Question 15

What is the role of stakeholder analysis in the Objective Tree?

Answer 15

It helps provide better focus on priority problems.

Not all original problem statements may need to be translated into objective statements.

Question 16

What should be included in the review of the Problem Tree structure?

Answer 16

Ensure related streams of cause and effect are close to each other.

This helps maintain logical coherence in the analysis.

Question 17

What is the importance of checking the logic in the Problem Tree?

Answer 17

To ensure completeness and correctness of the cause-effect structure.

This enhances the reliability of the analysis.

Question 18

What materials are essential for conducting a Problem Tree exercise?

Answer 18

• Cards
• Marker pens
• Whiteboard or wall space

These materials facilitate effective group participation and visualization.

Question 19

What is the purpose of writing on sticky notes in the SYSTEMIGRAM activity?

Answer 19

To identify actors of most importance and place them around the main issue on the flip chart

This helps visualize the key factors related to the central issue.

Question 20

What are First-Level Factors in a SYSTEMIGRAM?

Answer 20

Factors directly affected by the central issue

These are the immediate elements that are influenced by the main problem.

Question 21

How are Second-Level Factors determined in a SYSTEMIGRAM?

Answer 21

By mapping which factors are causing or influencing the First-Level Factors

This helps in understanding the underlying causes of the primary issues.

Question 22

What activity follows the mapping of First- and Second-Level Factors?

Answer 22

Groups rotate to another table to explain their factor map and receive feedback

This rotation encourages collaboration and refinement of ideas.

Question 23

What should groups consider when drawing connections in the SYSTEMIGRAM activity?

Answer 23

Whether any First- or Second-Level factors influence each other

This promotes a deeper understanding of the relationships between factors.

Question 24

What does the term ‘Objective Analysis’ refer to in project planning?

Answer 24

The scrutiny of potential project interventions and their associated risks

Objective Analysis helps in determining the best approach to address identified problems.

Question 25

What type of questions might be asked during Objective Analysis?

Answer 25

* Should all identified problems be tackled, or a selected few? * What is the combination of interventions likely to bring desired results? * What are the cost implications of different interventions? * Which strategy supports participation by both genders? * How can negative environmental impacts be mitigated? ## Footnote These questions guide decision-making for project interventions.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Criteria for assessing alternative interventions might include expected benefits to target groups, sustainability of benefits, and _______.

Answer 26

total cost and recurrent cost implications ## Footnote These criteria help evaluate the feasibility and impact of different project options.

Question 27

What is a Problem Tree analysis used for?

Answer 27

To identify a problem and visualize its causes and effects ## Footnote This method helps in understanding the root causes of an issue.

Question 28

What is Flowcharting used for in quality analysis?

Answer 28

To analyze the steps that occur in a particular process ## Footnote Flowcharts break down activities into sub-steps, clarifying relationships between actions and outcomes.

Question 29

What does the 'Why-Why Tree' technique help identify?

Answer 29

Root causes of a problem by asking successive 'why' questions ## Footnote This technique promotes thorough analysis to uncover underlying issues.

Question 30

What is the purpose of Cause and Effect Analysis?

Answer 30

To generate a list of possible causes for a problem ## Footnote This analysis is crucial for identifying root causes that may not be immediately obvious.

Question 31

What is the significance of validating root causes in problem analysis?

Answer 31

To ensure that the identified causes are accurate and actionable ## Footnote Validation helps focus interventions on the most relevant issues.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The fishbone diagram is a tool used in _______ analysis.

Answer 32

Cause and Effect ## Footnote This diagram categorizes causes to better understand their relationships to the problem.

Question 33

What is one advantage of anchoring root causes to performance factors?

Answer 33

Interventions become clearer and more focused ## Footnote This alignment enhances the effectiveness of solutions implemented.

Question 34

What should teams do after identifying potential root causes?

Answer 34

Develop simple data collection tools to prove or disprove the hypothesized root causes ## Footnote This step is essential for validating the analysis and ensuring accurate interventions.

Question 35

What is the goal of brainstorming during problem-solving?

Answer 35

To explore a wide variety of possible solutions through generating a large quantity of diverse ideas ## Footnote This process encourages creativity and comprehensive exploration of options.

Question 36

What is a key rule for effective brainstorming?

Answer 36

Defer judgment ## Footnote This allows for a free flow of ideas without immediate critique, fostering creativity.

Question 37

What is the main issue at the antenatal clinic at Kawempe KCCA Hospital?

Answer 37

The quality of services is poor due to overcrowding and insufficient seating.

Question 38

What do some mothers have to do due to insufficient seats in the clinic?

Answer 38

Some mothers sit on the floor or stand.

Question 39

What time do some mothers arrive at the clinic to be served early?

Answer 39

Some mothers arrive as early as 6 am.

Question 40

What is a consequence of the uncoordinated flow of clients in the clinic?

Answer 40

Mothers spend a long time in the clinic and may leave late in the afternoon.

Question 41

What techniques can be used to analyze a quality improvement (QI) problem?

Answer 41

Problem tree and objective tree analysis.

Question 42

What is the first item that should be included in a project proposal for QI?

Answer 42

Project title (QI).

Question 43

What should the executive summary of a project proposal include?

Answer 43

A brief overview of the project and its objectives.

Question 44

What type of information should be included in the background info section of a project proposal?

Answer 44

Background and context of the organization.

Question 45

What is the purpose of the problem statement in a project proposal?

Answer 45

To identify the need for the project.

Question 46

What does the proposed intervention section of a project proposal describe?

Answer 46

The details of the intervention being proposed.

Question 47

What is included in the project justification section?

Answer 47

Reasons for why the project is necessary.

Question 48

What should the goal and objectives section of a project proposal outline?

Answer 48

The intended outcomes and specific objectives of the project.

Question 49

What is the purpose of the implementation plan in a project proposal?

Answer 49

To detail how the project will be executed.

Question 50

What should the proposed budget in a project proposal include?

Answer 50

Estimated costs for the project.

Question 51

What does the M&E plan stand for in a project proposal?

Answer 51

Monitoring and Evaluation plan.

Question 52

What are sustainability mechanisms in a project proposal?

Answer 52

Strategies to ensure the project's long-term viability.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: The clinic is __________ due to the high number of clients.

Answer 53

overcrowded

Question 54

True or False: Mothers at the antenatal clinic often leave early in the afternoon.

Answer 54

False