Causes

Question 1

Viking Migration (c.790–1066)

Answer 1

Causes: Overpopulation, weak Anglo-Saxon rule.
Tensions: High – raids, fear.
Impacts: Danelaw, integration.
Significance: Long-term cultural legacy.
Date: 793 (Lindisfarne).

Question 2

Norman Conquest (1066)

Answer 2

Causes: Claim to throne.
Tensions: Very high – rebellion.
Impacts: Feudalism, French culture.
Significance: Legal & social transformation.
Date: 1066, 1069–70.

Question 3

Jewish Expulsion (1290)

Answer 3

Causes: Finance, scapegoating.
Tensions: High – anti-Semitism.
Impacts: Expulsion, long absence.
Significance: State-sponsored racial policy.
Date: 1290, York 1190.

Question 4

Huguenots (1680s)

Answer 4

Causes: Religious persecution.
Tensions: Low – Protestant welcome.
Impacts: Economic growth.
Significance: Skilled migrant success.
Date: 1685 – Edict revoked.

Question 5

Irish Migration (1845–51)

Answer 5

Causes: Potato Famine, poverty.
Tensions: High – religious & job fears.
Impacts: Slums, cheap labour.
Significance: Mass working-class migration.
Date: 1 million died.

Question 6

Empire Migration (1858–1947)

Answer 6

Causes: Empire jobs, soldiers.
Tensions: Moderate.
Impacts: Port communities.
Significance: Start of non-white presence.
Date: 1858–1947.

Question 7

Windrush Generation (1948–71)

Answer 7

Causes: Labour shortage, British Nationality Act.
Tensions: Growing – 1958 riots.
Impacts: NHS, cultural diversity.
Significance: Key to multicultural Britain.
Date: 1948, 1958.

Question 8

Ugandan Asians (1972)

Answer 8

Causes: Expulsion by Idi Amin.
Tensions: High – quick influx.
Impacts: Camp housing, business growth.
Significance: Anti-racism law turning point.
Date: 1972.

Question 9

Eastern European (2004–16)

Answer 9

Causes: EU expansion, free movement.
Tensions: High – Brexit.
Impacts: Labour force, political change.
Significance: Shifted immigration laws.
Date: 2004, 2016.