causes

Question 1

What were common causes of death in medieval wars?

Answer 1

Sword and axe wounds were common, and if they didn’t kill you, they often became infected, leading to death.

The Battle of Towton in 1461 resulted in an estimated 22,000 deaths.

Question 2

What was a significant consequence of famine in medieval times?

Answer 2

People relied on their own food production for survival, and poor weather often destroyed crops, leading to hunger and malnutrition.

This occurred notably in 1069 and 1315-1317.

Question 3

What were the living conditions like in medieval towns?

Answer 3

There was no running water or toilets, leading to polluted rivers and streams, and houses were built close together, facilitating the spread of diseases.

Streets were often full of human and animal waste.

Question 4

What types of accidents were common in medieval life?

Answer 4

Accidents were very common and often fatal, particularly due to the use of farming equipment.

Question 5

What was the Black Death?

Answer 5

The Black Death was an outbreak of illness that included different forms of plague, such as bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague.

Bubonic plague was spread by fleas and rats, while pneumonic plague spread through coughing.

Question 6

How did people in medieval England explain illness?

Answer 6

They believed illness was caused by God, astrology, the four humours, superstition, and bad smells (miasma).

The Church taught that sins would be punished by God.

Question 7

What factors hindered progress in understanding illness during the medieval period?

Answer 7

People did not question the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen, and they were influenced by superstition and religious beliefs.

Question 8

What is the difference between a pandemic and an epidemic?

Answer 8

A pandemic is an infectious disease that spreads over a large area of the world, while an epidemic occurs in a particular area or country.

Question 9

When did the Black Death first arrive in England?

Answer 9

The Black Death first arrived in England in 1348, causing widespread illness and death.

Diseased individuals exhibited back-filled lumps called buboes.

Question 10

What percentage of the population of England died during the Black Death?

Answer 10

Approximately a third of the population died.

Question 11

What did people in the Middle Ages believe caused the Black Death?

Answer 11

Some claimed miasma from overflowing privies and rotting food was the cause.

Other beliefs included an imbalance of humours, punishment from God, planets being out of alignment, an earthquake in China, and Jews poisoning the water.

Question 12

How often did the plague return after the initial outbreak?

Answer 12

The plague returned every 10-20 years.

Question 13

What did Londoners rely on to keep updated on causes of death?

Answer 13

Londoners relied on ‘Bills of Mortality’ published weekly.

Question 14

What did the Bills of Mortality show about causes of death?

Answer 14

They showed many deaths were caused by ‘fever, consumption, teeth’, highlighting a lack of understanding of illness.

Question 15

What was the worst outbreak of plague since the medieval period?

Answer 15

The Great Plague of 1665.

Question 16

What percentage of London’s population died during the Great Plague?

Answer 16

Up to 25% of the population died.

Question 17

What did people believe caused the Great Plague?

Answer 17

Some believed it was caused by a comet, miasma, charms, or punishment from God.

Others thought it was due to the planets being out of alignment or that Jews and foreigners poisoned the wells.

Question 18

What is the more certain cause of the Great Plague according to historians?

Answer 18

Historians believe it was an outbreak of bubonic and pneumonic plague, spread by rat fleas.

Question 19

Questions

Question 20

1. What has changed about attitudes towards illness and disease by the early modern

Question 21

period? What has stayed the same?

Question 22

2. Explain how different factors have hindered progress about understanding of causes of

Question 23

illness and disease during the medieval and early modern eras.

Question 24

1.4 Causes of illness in the Industrial era

Question 25

Industrialisation - process of changing the focus of a country from an agricultural nation to

Question 26

one based on manufacturing of goods.

Question 27

Laissez faire - a governmental policy of not getting involved in the individual lives of

Question 28

Industrialisation resulted in the spread of factories and the growth of industrial towns such

Question 29

as Glasgow

Answer 29

Manchester

Question 30

These industrial cities grew rapidly as people left the country side to find work. The

Question 31

population of Manchester grew like this:

Question 32

1801-75

Answer 32

0

Question 33

1851-303

Answer 33

0

Question 34

19968

Answer 34

0

Question 35

This rapid growth in population had a huge impact on the health of these cities

Answer 35

for two key

Question 36

1.Poor living conditions made people ill

Question 37

Towns grew very quickly so houses were built very quickly and cheaply. They were known as

Question 38

'back to backs'. Housing conditions were poor with overcrowded housing and no running

Question 39

water

Answer 39

so people used rivers that were being polluted by factories for their washing and

Question 40

drinking. Fresh water came from street pumps and often got contaminated with sewage. This

Question 41

caused regular outbreaks of epidemic diseases cholera and typhoid. Cholera was a severe

Question 42

infectious disease of the small intestine. It was marked by heavy diarrhoea

Answer 42

vomiting

Question 43

muscle cramps and could result in coma and death. The disease was caught by taking in food

Question 44

or drink-usually water-that was contaminated with bacteria found in faeces. After cholera

Question 45

bacteria were swallowed

Answer 45

they multiplied in the small intestine

Question 46

infection. It mainly affected the poorest people but the wealthy were also affected. Doctors

Question 47

found it impossible to treat as they did not know how it was caused.

Question 48

In 1848 60

Answer 48

000 people died of cholera in the UK

Question 49

caught typhoid. The government had little interest in improving people's living conditions.

Question 50

They did not think that they should get involved in people's lives. This policy was called

Question 51

laissez faire. It would also be too expensive to carry out necessary improvements.

Question 52

2. New working conditions made peoplé ill

Question 53

The Industrial Revolution bought new industries and jobs to many but also new industrial

Question 54

diseases and injuries. People got stuck in the machines

Answer 54

due to few safety regulations

Question 55

meaning amputations were common. Child chimney sweeps got respiratory diseases.

Question 56

Matchmakers got 'phossy jaw'

Answer 56

caused by the fumes from the phosphorous. In 1842

Question 57

people from east London lived on average to 45 whilst labourers lived until the age of 16.

Question 58

57% of children died before the age of 16.

Question 59

Questions

Question 60

1. Explain why there were new health issues in industrial towns?

Question 61

2. Has there been any progress in understanding of the causes of illness and disease?

Question 62

1.5 Causes of illnesses in the 20th Century

Question 63

8

Question 64

Questions

Question 65

1. What has changed about attitudes towards illness and disease by the early modern

Question 66

period? What has stayed the same?

Question 67

2. Explain how different factors have hindered progress about understanding of causes of

Question 68

illness and disease during the medieval and early modern eras.

Question 69

1.4 Causes of illness in the Industrial era

Question 70

Industrialication - process of changing the focus of a country from an agricultural nation to

Question 71

one based on manufacturing of goods.

Question 72

Laissez faire - a governmental policy of not getting involved in the individual lives or

Question 73

Industrialisation resulted in the spread of factories and the growth of industrial towns such

Question 74

as Glasgow

Answer 74

Manchester

Question 75

These industrial cities grew rapidly as people left the country side to find work. The

Question 76

population of Manchester grew like this:

Question 77

1801-75

Answer 77

0

Question 78

1851-303

Answer 78

0

Question 79

19968

Answer 79

0

Question 80

This rapid growth in population had a huge impact on the health of these cities

Answer 80

for two key

Question 81

1.Poor living conditions made people ill

Question 82

Towns grew very quickly so houses were built very quickly and cheaply. They were known as

Question 83

"back to backs'. Housing conditions were poor with overcrowded housing and no running water, so people used rivers that were being polluted by factories for their washing and drinking. Fresh water came from street pumps and often got contaminated with sewage. This caused regular outbreaks of epidemic diseases cholera and typhoid. Cholera was a severe, infectious disease of the small intestine. It was marked by heavy diarrhoea, vomiting, and muscle cramps and could result in coma and death. The disease was caught by taking in food or drink-usually water-that was contaminated with bacteria found in faeces. After cholera bacteria were swallowed, they multiplied in the small intestine, where they set off an infection. It mainly affected the poorest people but the wealthy were also affected. Doctors found it impossible to treat as they did not know how it was caused. In 1848 60,000 people died of cholera in the UK, and in Maidstone in 1897-98, 1800 people caught typhoid. The government had little interest in improving people's living conditions. They did not think that they should get involved in people's lives. This policy was called laissez faire. It would also be too expensive to carry out necessary improvements. 2. New working conditions made people ill The Industrial Revolution bought new industries and jobs to many but also new industrial diseases and injuries. People got stuck in the machines, due to few safety regulations, meaning amputations were common. Child chimney sweeps got respiratory diseases. Matchmakers got 'phossy jaw', caused by the fumes from the phosphorous. In 1842, rich people from east London lived on average to 45 whilst labourers lived until the age of 16. 57% of children died before the age of 16. Questions 1. Explain why there were new health issues in industrial towns? 2. Has there been any progress in understanding of the causes of illness and disease? 1.5 Causes of illnesses in the 20th Century 8

Question 84

There were new epidemics and pandemics as new diseases emerged whose causes were

Question 85

Spanish Flu 1918-19

Question 86

Spread by troops returning back from WW1

Answer 86

this was a pandemic spread which killed over 40

Question 87

million people. It was first believed to have been a result of chemical warfare and infected

Question 88

20% of the world's population. It could kill a person within a dav and hospitals could not

Question 89

cope. It killed 280

Answer 89

000 people in the UK

Question 90

affected children and the elderly

Answer 90

Spanish Flu was worst for those between 20-40 years old.

Question 91

It was also known as 'the Spanish Lady' as it was first identified in Spain. This was because

Question 92

the Spanish government did not censor information about the spreading infectious disease.

Question 93

Scientists now know it to have been a mutated form of Avian Flu

Answer 93

which spread to soldiers in

Question 94

the Trenches due to poor conditions. This was then transmitted worldwide by the mass

Question 95

movement of soldiers returning from war. This discovery was made in 1999.

Question 96

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic

Question 97

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 98

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 99

In 1981

Answer 99

the first case of AIDS was identified in America

Question 100

discovered to be the cause. Doctors noticed large numbers of homosexuals were dying from

Question 101

common colds due to weakened immune systems. HIV is spread through the exchange of

Question 102

bodily fluids or by sharing needles

Answer 102

and can develop into AIDS unless proper treatment is

Question 103

sought. By 2000

Answer 103

an estimated 30 million had been infected by the disease and 8 million

Question 104

people had died from it.

Question 105

AIDS is a disease of modern lifestyle

Answer 105

brought about by drugs and sex. Governments and

Question 106

international organisations have spent millions on campaigns to spread awareness

Answer 106

promote

Question 107

safer behaviour and fund research into combatting the disease. However

Answer 107

some religious

Question 108

groups have argued that it is a punishment from God to individuals for a sinful life

Answer 108

and many

Question 109

people still believe AIDS can be caught by touching someone with the disease.

Question 110

Questions

Question 111

1. How have attitudes to illness and disease changed in the 20th Century?

Question 112

2. What is the extent of change?

Question 113

3. Where do we see the greatest change in attitudes?

Question 114

4. Explain how far have attitudes to causes of illness and disease have changed since the

Question 115

medieval period?