Causes And Effects

Question 1

Causes and effects of a Genetic Disease

Answer 1

Haemophilia A
Cause: point mutation on the factor 8 gene producing F8
It is a sex-linked disease
Results in low or non functioning blood clotting proteins
Effect: Bruise easily <bleeding joints

Question 2

Causes and effects of an Environmental Exposure

Answer 2

Asthma
Causes: inflammation of the airways when triggered to by allergen such as pollen or cigarette smoke (an over response of the immune system)
Effects : breathlessness < tight feeling in chest < wheezing

Question 3

Causes and effects of a Nutritional Disease

Answer 3

Scurvy
Cause: lack of ascorbic acid in diet
Effect: bleeding gums< poor wound healing

Question 4

Causes and effects of a Cancer

Answer 4

Mesothelioma (type of lung cancer)
Causes: Exposure to asbestos
Effects: Chronic cough chest pains

Question 5

Incidence Prevalence and Mortality of Nutritional Disease - type 2 diabetes (diet rich in fat and calories ,poor diet—obesity) Effect(excessive thirst + fatigue + frequent urination)

Answer 5

Australia
P= 4.3%
I= 172 per 100 000
M= 56%

Question 6

Incidence Prevalence and Mortality of Environmental-exposure - Melanoma

Answer 6

Australia ( exposure to asbestos- leading to mesothelioma)
P= 63
I= 18
M= 1
Thousand per 100 000 people

Question 7

Function of repair genes

Answer 7

Code for proteins responsible for stopping the cell cycle or removal of Damaged DNA regions

Question 8

Proto-oncogenes function

Answer 8

Code for proteins stimulating cell growth and mitosis

Question 9

Tumour suppressor genes function

Answer 9

Code for proteins that slow down or stop mitosis and apoptosis

Question 10

Malignant tumours

Answer 10

Spread

Question 11

Management of Cystic background info- cause and effects

Answer 11

Disease: Cystic Fibrosis
Causes: Mutation in the CFTR gene in chromosome 7 (changes protein that regulates normal movement of sodium in and out of cells)
Effects- mucus secreting organs secrete abnormally thick mucus - affects respiration + mucus blocks airways and digestive tracts

Question 12

How does crispr work

Answer 12

Nnmm

Question 13

How does gene therapy work

Answer 13

…

Question 14

Factors that make a good Eli study

Answer 14

Large (usually 1000) sample size (depends on study)
Validity of duration( typically 5 years)
Types of questions( ethnicity, lifestyle(diet,occupation), age, gender)
Peer-reviewed
Control group

Question 15

Epidemiology studies apply to

Answer 15

Both infectious and non-infectious diseases

Question 16

Define management

Answer 16

Disease is observed to reduce pain

Question 17

Treatment is

Answer 17

Use of drugs or other technique to cure a person

Question 18

Investigate the treatment and possible future directions for further research of a non infectious disease

Answer 18

Cancer - Advanced Melanoma(early diagnosis)
Radiation(x-ray exposure to damage cancer cells)< chemotherapy (drugs slow cancer cell growth)

Future direction

Check-point inhibitor- Cause immune to recognise and destroy cancer cells earlier.

Question 19

Investigate the management and possible future directions for further research of a non infectious disease

Answer 19

management - antibiotics to prevent chest infection < medicines to widen airways and reduce inflammation < med to make mucus thinner and easy to cough up

Future directions- crispr and gene therapy

Question 20

Evaluate the benefits of engaging in an epi study

Answer 20

…

Question 21

Evaluate the method used in an example of an epi study

Answer 21

AB Hill was a cohort study that followed 40 000 doctors over a 10 year period.
Results were smokers had greater incidence of lung cancer
More cigars = increase incidence

Question 22

Evaluate the effectiveness of current disease-prevention method and develop strategies for the prevention of a non-infectious disease- educational programs and campaigns

Answer 22

QUIT CAMPAIGN
Aim- reduce smoking and lung cancer and other related issues
Measures- slogans such as quit for life< national helpline< plain packaging < graphic images < tax on tobacco
Judgement - after tax 44% of smokers changed because of increase in price < plain packaging made it less desirable 81% consider quitting once a day
Prevalence decreased by 11%

Question 23

Evaluate the effectiveness of current disease-prevention method and develop strategies for the prevention of a non-infectious disease- Genetic Engineering

Answer 23

Pre-implantation Genetic testing
Method- eggs harvested and grown in vitro fertilisation. Embryos tested, without mutation retain with destroyed
Adv: effective in preventing single gene abnormalities eg Haemophilia A + parents more equipped to provide support
Disadvantage- promotes stigma against people born with abnormalities < religious issues < potential abuse eg designer babies