causes lab 1-7 Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
causes of metabolic acidosis
A
- HCO3 loss: diarrea, ileus, kidney disturbance
- increased acid intake: acidic silage, acidifying drugs
- increased acid production: more lactic acid due to anaerobe GL, anorectic animal
- grain overdose in cattle: vfa overproductionincreased
- ketogenesis, ketosis: due to diabetes mellitus or starvation
- decreased acid excretion: renal failiure
- ion exchange: hyperkalemia, H/K pump
*
2
Q
causes of metabolic alkalosis
A
- increased alkaline intake: bicarbonates, rotten food
- increased ruminal alkaline production: high protein, low carb diet
- decreased hepatic ammonia catabolism: liver failiure
- increased acid loss: vomit, gastrc dialation volvulus syndrome
- ion exchange: hypokalemia: henle loop diuretics
3
Q
causes of respiratory acidocis
A
- upper airway obstruction
- pleural cavity disease: pneumothorax, pleural effusion
- pulmonary disease: pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, lung metastasis, pulmonary thromboembolism
- depression of central control of respiration: drugs, toxin, brain stem disease
- neuromuscular depression of resp muscles
- muscle weakness: hypokalemia
- cardiopulmonary arrest
4
Q
causes of respiratory alkalosis
A
- increased loss of CO2: hyperventilation
- forced ventilation
- epileptiform seizures
- interstitial lung disease
- fever, hyperthermia
- excitation
5
Q
causes of hypoventilation
A
- upper airway obstruction
- pleural effusion
- depression of central control of respiration: drug, disorder, eg anasthesia
- neuromuscular disease, affecting respiratory muscles
- hypokalema muscle weakness
- overcomppensating from metabolic alkalosis
6
Q
causes of hyperventilation
A
- forced ventilation during anasthesia
- seizures, epilepsy
- excitation: mild or extreme, shock after accident
- compensation of severe metabolic acidocis
7
Q
major causes of thrombocytopenia
A
- decreased production of thrombocytes in bone marrow : chemotherapy, pilycyt absoluta vera
- increased utilisation of thrombocytes: DIC
- increased destruction of thrombocytes: autoimmune thrombocytopenia
- increased sequestration of thrombocytes: splenomegaly
- increased loss of thrombocytes: subacute bleeding
8
Q
major causes of thrombocytopathies
A
- improper development of platelets: hereditary glucoprotein deficiency
- von willerbrand disease
- uremia, liver failure
- myeloproliferative, lymphoproliferative
- nsaid treatment: aspirin
9
Q
iooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo,.
A
this card as made by my cat
10
Q
causes of decreased albumin concentration
A
- decrreased intake of protein
- decreased absorption
- decreased synthesis: liver failiure, acute inflammation
- increased utilisation: pregnancy and excercise make small changes, chronic inflammation
- increased loss
- protein loosing nephropathy, protein loosing enteropathy
- skin, burns
- blood loss
- sequestration to body cavities
- hyperhydration
11
Q
causes of increased albumin concentration
A
dehydration
12
Q
cause for decreased albumin/globulin ratio
A
- increased globulin concentration: inflammation
- decrease of albumin concentration
13
Q
causes of increased globulin
A
- monoclonal gammopathy
- polyclonal gammopathy
14
Q
causes for polyclonal gammopathy
A
- chronic inflammations
- liver disease
- FIP
- heart worm
- erlichiosis
- lymphoma
15
Q
causes for monoclonal gammopathy
A
- neoplastic disorders
- multiple myeloma
- lymphoma
- lympholytic leukemia
- extramedullary plasmacytosis
- macroglobulinaemia
- non-neoplastic
- heart worm
- erlichia canis
- FIPV
16
Q
causes for hypoglobulinaemia
A
- decreased intake of globulins
- neonates before drinking colostrum
- absorption disorders
- decreased synthesis of globulins
- aquired or inherited immunodeficiency
- liver function impairment
- increased loss: PLE,PLN, skin, bleeding
17
Q
causes for increased fibrinogen concentration
A
- acute inflammation
- dehydration
18
Q
causes of decreased fibrinogen concentration
A
- liver function impairment
- advanced protein deficiency
- dic
- sequestration after bleeding into body cavities
- chronic bleeding
- blood loss
- inherited afibrinogenaemia
19
Q
causes for transient increased glucose level
A
- lab errors: lipaemia, icterus, hemolysis
- stress: especially in cats, acute
- food intake in dog and human
- xylazin effect - anasthesia
- glucagon flush caused by head trauma, rabies or aujezkys
- after or during glucose fluid therapy
20
Q
causes for constant hyperglycemia
A
- diabetes mellitus
- hyperadrenocorticoidism: cushings
- glucocorticostreoid treatment
- progesterone effect: iatrogen or endogenous
- enterotoxaemia in sheep
21
Q
causes for decreased glucose concentation
A
- lab error: storage transport
- decreased energy status
- ketosis in ruminants
- groing pigs, baby pig disease, small breed puppies
- starvation, exercise
- insulin overdose: beta blocker medication
- insulinoma: tumor in pancreas
- anabolic steroid effect
- liver failiure end stage
- hypoadrenocorticoidism - addisons
- septicaemia
- hyperthyroidism
- praneoplastic syndrome
- pregnancy
- xylitol poisoning
22
Q
causes of appearance of ketone bodies
A
- energy deficiency in liver cells
- decreased carb intake
- decreased insulin production
- diabetes ketoacidosis
23
Q
causes of increased urea concentration
A
energy deficiency in ruminants
24
Q
causes of hyperlipidaemia
A
- increased fat content in feed
- diabetes mellitus: decresed ffa influx to cell
- hypothyroidism
- hyperadrenocorticoidism, glucocorticosteroid treatment
- nephrotic syndrome
- septicaemia
- pancreatitis
- hyperlipidaemia
- hyperlipidaemia in pony
25
causes of decreased lipid content
* starvation long term
* liver failiure
* malabsorption or digestion: epi
26
causes of hypocholesterolaemia
* malnutrition
* liver failiure
* neoplastic disease
* hyperthyreosis
* decreased apolipiprotein synthesis
27
causes of hypercholesterolaemia
* increased dietary fat
* hypothyroidism
* hyperadrenocorticoidism
* dm
* nephrotic syndrome
* cholestatic disease: leakage from liver due to bile duct obstruction
* idiopathic: primary dyslipidosis
28
cause of false or physiological increased pvc/ polycytaemia
* false: long storage of sample with edta
* physiological: also count as absolute polycytaemias
* congenital: lama, yak, greyhound, whippet, hot blooded horses
* age: new borns
* physiological long term hypoxia: living in high altitude, training
29
causes of relative polycytaemia
decreased plasma volume: dehydration, vomit diarrea
30
causes of absolute polycytaemia
* increased rbc production
* primary: without increased erythropoietin
* polycytaemia absoluta vera
* secondary: increased erythropoietin
* true: long term hypoxia, physiological or chronic respiratory disorder
* not true: no hypoxia, autoimmune increase of epo
31
causes of hypervolemic polycytaemia
lifethreatening acute stress or physical exercise
32
causes of false and physiological oligocytaemia
* false: microcytosis, inapropriate sampling
* physiological: increased plasma volume in third trimester
33
causes of relative oligocytaemia
* pathological increase in plasma volume
* hyperhydration
* terminal phase of chronic kidney insufficiency
34
causes of absolute oligocytaemia
* hours after acute bleeding: replacement of plasma is quicker than rbc
* decreased rbc production:
* suppression of bonemarrow: heavy metal poisoning, viral infection
* lack of nutrients: iron, copper, b6, b12, folic acid
* decreased rbc lifespan: immune mediated haemolytic anemia
* sequestration of rbc in spleen: hypersplenismus
35
causes of hypernatremia
* increased water loss
* decreased water intake
* increased na retntion in kidneys
* primary and secondary hyperaldosterism
* od on hypertonic salt solution, increased salt intake
36
causes of hyponatremia
* excessive flui intake, water poisoning
* retention of water, cariac, renal, hepatic insufficiency
* enhanced na loss: hypoadrenocorticoidism, sweat, diarrea
* water outflux from ic to ec: hyperosmolality
37
causes of hypokalemia
* decreased intake
* long term polyuria
* loop diuretic drugs
* enteral potassium loss
* primary or secondary hyperaldosteroidism
* alkalosis
* innsulin
38
causes of hyperkalemia
* increased per os intake
* od on potassium fluids
* acute kidney failiure
* rupture of urinary bladder
* hypoaldosteriodism
*
39
causes of hyperchloraemia
* excessive per os intake
* iv overdose of fluid therapy
* decreased excretion
* hyperaldostreonism
* hypernatremia
40
causes of decreased chloride
* abomasal displacement
* vomiting, diarrea
* sweating horse
* hyponatremia
41
causes of hypocalcaemia
* insufficient intake or absorption: vit D deficiency
* hypofunction of parathyroid gland: mg def
* surgical thyrectomy
* lactating animals: loss through milk
42
causes of hypercalcaemia
* excessive calcium or vit D intake
* hyper A vitaminosis
* hyperfunction of parathyroid
* some inflammatory, neoplastic or paraneoplastic
43
causes of hypomagnesaemia
* decreased intake
* grass tetany
* increased loss in lactatibg animals
* absorption disturbance
* increased renal or enteral excretion
44
causes of hypermagnesaemia
* increased intake
* increased absorption
* overdose on mg containing fluids
* decreased excretion
* dehydration
45
increased Pi concentration
* increased intake: meat or grain feed
* increased absorption: vit D effect
* decreased kidney function: less excreted
* hyperthyroidism decrese PTH excretion, this decrease Pi excretion
* mobilization from bones: osteolysis
46
decreased Pi concentration
* low intake
* decreased absorption: EPI, intestinal inflammation, vit D def
* high utilization: quick growth, pregnancy, egg formation
* liver dysfunction
* primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism enhance Pi excretion
47
causes for increased O2 binding capacity of Hgb
* decreased 2,3 DPG level in rbc
* decreased pCO2 level in blood: resp alkalosis
* decreased temperature of blood
* increased blood pH: metabolic or respiratory alkalosis
48
causes for decreased O2 binding capacity of Hgb
* increased 2,3DPG in rbc
* increased pCO2 in blood: respiratory acidosis
* increased temperature
* decreased pH: acidosis
49
causes of increased hemoglobin concentration
* relative dehydration
* absolute polyctaemia
* LAMA!
* erythroleukemia
50
causes of decreased hemoglobin concentration
* relative hyperhydration
* absolute oligocytaemia
* young pigs have lower hgb concentration
51
causes of microcytosis
* chronic blood loss: fe loss
* iron, copper, pyridoxine deficiency
* portosystemic shunt
52
causes of macrocytosis
* polycytaemia absoluta vera: erythrtoleukemia
* vit B12, cobalt, folic acid deficiency: slow down maturation of rbc
* erythroleukemias: erythroblast leukemia, cancerous cells are young and large
* regenerative anemia
53
causes of mchc - hypochromasia
* new born animal
* regenerative anemia
* iron deficiency anemia
54
causes of mchc - hyperchromasia
* erythroleukemia: polycytaemia absoluta vera
* vit b12, cobalt, folic acid def??????
* sholudnt this be for hypochromasia?
* immunehemolytic anemia: spherocytosis
* lead poisoning
* splenectomy
55
causes of low serum iron concentration
* chronic blood loss
* decreased intake: piglet, calves
* impaired gastric, duodenal, jejunal function
* reduction, transport, absorption
56
causes of high serum iron concentration
iron toxicicosis
57
causes of low total iron binding capaity
* chronic inflammation: negative app
* chronic liver failiure: decreased transferrin synth in liver
* neoplastic disease
58
causes of high total iron binding capacity
* iron deficiency anemia
* not severe: normal fe level + high tibc
* severe: low iron + high tibc
59
causes for abnormal ruminal odor
* urea poisoning: ammonia smell
* protein putrefaction: moldy rotting
* excess lactic acid/grain overfeeding: acidic or sour smell
60
causes of abnormal color of ruminal fluid
* lactic acidosis: milky grey color
* ruminal stasis/ decomposition: dark green or brown
* calves with abomasal reflux: grey with clots of milk
61
causes of abnormal consistancy of ruminal fluid
* saliva contamination: increased viscosity
* inactive protozoa, bacteria: low viscosity, watery with few feed particles
* frothy bloat/ vagus indigestion: excess froth, stable bubbles
62
causes for abnormal results in sedimentation/flotation test
* very active fluid: flotation of fine particles
* inactive fluid: rapid sedimentation, little/no flotation
* rumen acidosis, prolonged anorexia
* stable froth: frothy bloat or vgus indigestion
* no sedimentation or flotation
63
causes of elevated ruminal pH
* simple indigestion
* reduced feed intake for more than 2 days
* urea indigestion
* putrefaction of ruminal content, prolonged rumen stasis
* saliva contamination
* hay or green feed slightly elevate pH
64
causes of lowered pH of rumen
* grain overfeeding
* chronic ruminal acidosis
* an animal with lactic acidosis may have normal pH if anorexia is prolonged
65
causes of abnormal nitrite reduction test results
* rapid:
* green fodder
* ruminal decomposition
* slow
* inapetite
* feeding with a deficient feed ration
66
causes of slower methylene blue reduction test
* inadequate bacterial population
* rumen acidosis
* indigestible feed
67
causes of increased ammonia concentration in rumen
* high dietary protein
* energy deficiency
* liver disorders
* after calving: liver function is reduced
68
causes of elevated levels of ruminal chloride
* high salt intake
* abomasal displacement
* obstruction of intestinal flow: ileus, pyloric stenosis
* abomasal disorders: inflammation, ulcer, hyperactivity
69
causes of the disapperance of fungi from rumen
* acidosis
* putrefaction
70
causes of reduced motility of rumen protozoa
* acidisis
* alkalosis
* rapidly induced environmental changes
* chronic processes
71
causes of change in bacterial culture of rumen
* less bacteria when fed with high celluloce feed
* lactic acidosis: predominant gram positive population
* fiber rich diet: gram negatives
* starch rich diet: gram positive
* ruminal putrefaction: proteus, clostridium and pseudomanas in high concentration
72
