Causes of expansion in Japan Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Give an overview of what the Meiji Restoration was and how this impacted militarism in the country
A
-The Meiji Restoration established the Meiji Emperor as the head of government in Japan, ending centuries of feudalism.
-The new government introduced a series of reforms, causing many tensions in Japan.
-Eventually, an ultranationalist state developed, with increasing power and influence of the military.
2
Q
What was the Meiji Constitution and what did it state?
A
-The Meiji Constitution was given as a gift by the Emperor to the people of Japan in 1889.
-It made the Emperor of Japan head of state and declared him to be a divine individual.
-It also established a parliament, known as the Diet.
-Much political power, however, developed among members of the Privy Council, cabinet and military.
3
Q
According to the Meiji Constitution, what was the purpose of the Emperor?
A
The Emperor of Japan was head of state and a divine individual, giving him supreme authority.
4
Q
According to the Meiji Constitution, what was the purpose of the Privy Council?
A
The Privy Council acted as advisors to the Emperor and controlled access to him.
5
Q
According to the Meiji Constitution, what was the purpose of the cabinet?
A
The cabinet consisted of ministers responsible for the various functions of government and reported to the Emperor.
6
Q
According to the Meiji Constitution, what was the purpose of the military?
A
-The military was granted a lot of independence in the constitution and was directly responsible to the Emperor.
-They used their positions in the cabinet to gain more power by threatening vetoes of laws that could cause the collapse of government.
7
Q
According to the Meiji Constitution, what was the purpose of the Diet?
A
-The Diet consisted of two bodies.
-The House of Representatives was elected by those with suffrage.
-They could create and pass laws.
-The House of Peers could approve or reject laws passed by the House of Representatives.
8
Q
Describe the changes to education and loyalty to the state during the Meiji Restoration
A
-Education was mandatory for all citizens.
-After some opposition to government grew, the curriculum changed to emphasize loyalty and to value the Emperor, his divinity and Japan’s uniqueness in the world and in history.
9
Q
Explain how changes to education and loyalty to the state during the Meiji Restoration impacted ideology
A
-Changes to education helped in the growth of ultranationalism, also known as radical nationalism.
-This was similar to fascism.
-When military-type training was introduced to schools during the 1920s, the connection between education, the military and nationalism strengthened the appeal of the military throughout the country.
10
Q
Japan’s ___ was a key characteristic of ultranationalism and radical nationalism
A
Uniqueness
11
Q
During the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese believed they were on a ___
A
Special mission
12
Q
Why did the Japanese believe they were special?
A
-The Emperor was divine.
-It had never been conquered by Europeans or Americans.
-It had a long history of independence.
-Most citizens were Japanese who shared a common culture and history.
-It was the only non-European state to win a war against a European state through the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5.
-It was a major power both militarily and industrially.
13
Q
Describe the radical ideology that emerged from Japan’s belief that it was unique
A
-Japan’s unique characteristics gave it a special mission to lead all of Asia and remove all non-Asian influences from the region.
-Radical nationalism formed when the idea that anything that harmed Japan’s Emperor and Japan must be prevented.
-Radical nationalists used threats and assassinations to protect Japan and achieve its special mission.
14
Q
Describe the growth of militarism (after the Meiji Restoration)
A
-A strong military with a large navy and army was needed to achieve the special mission.
-The move towards militarism strengthened.
-The military held increasing power and influence in Japanese politics.
15
Q
Describe Japan’s militarism before the Meiji Restoration
A
-Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan had been ruled by a military dictator, known as a shogūn, not the Emperor.
-The Emperor’s primary role was as a symbol of the nation.
-Japan grew stronger during this period.
-It soon began to look towards neighbouring states and their resources in order to expand its empire.
16
Q
Describe Japan’s militarism before and during the First World War
A
-Japan’s modernization and industrialization developed at an impressive rate.
-Japan was becoming a power nation able to influence other countries in the region, perhaps to dominate them.
-The increased power encouraged its leaders to act on its long-term interest in Korea and to battle with Russia, China and Taiwan.
-The First World War gave Japan a chance to show the entire world, especially China and Germany, its new industrial and military prowess.
17
Q
When did Japan force Korea to agree to the Japan-Korea Treaty and what enabeld it to do this?
A
-1876
-Japan used its new might to force Korea to agree to the this treaty.
18
Q
What was the Japan-Korea Treaty also known as?
A
The Japan–Korea Treaty of Amity or the Treaty of Ganghwa Island
19
Q
What were the terms of the Japan-Korea Treaty?
A
-Korea was no longer a tributary of China.
-Japanese citizens could not be arrested or tried in Korean courts.
-Korea could not impose any restrictions on Japanese trade.
-Japan was permitted the use of three ports.
20
Q
What actions in Korea led to the war between Japan and China (First Sino-Japanese War)?
A
-Between 1884 and 1895, political turmoil, violence and foreign intervention were common in Korea.
-When the Korean government asked for Chinese assistance in putting down a peasant revolt in 1894, Japan declared Korea in violation of the Japan–Korea Treaty.
-Japanese troops took control of Korea and assassinated the opposition leader, Empress Myeongseong.
21
Q
When did the First Sino-Japanese War take place?
A
1894–95
22
Q
Why had war between Japan and the Qing Dynasty of China (the First Sino-Japanese War) been building up for years?
A
-Japan’s interference in Korea such as those stated above
-Japan’s use of assassinations in Korea
-China’s banning of Japanese imported goods.
23
Q
Describe the events of the First Sino-Japanese War
A
-War broke out in August 1894.
-Japan’s more modern military quickly pushed Chinese troops out of Korea, invaded Manchuria, seized the important ports of Port Arthur and Weihaiwei, and captured islands near Taiwan.
-Before long, China requested terms for peace.
-The Treaty of Shimonoseki, agreed to in April 1895, favoured Japan.
24
Q
What did the Treaty of Shimonoseki give Japan?
A
-Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula
-Permission to operate ships on the Yangtze River
-The right to have factories and import goods at four Chinese ports
-A large indemnity to be paid by China.
25
When was the Treaty of Shimonoseki agreed to?
April 1895
26
How did Russia, Germany, and France react to the Treaty of Shimonoseki?
-They quickly denounced it and demanded its alteration.
-This is known as the Tripartite Intervention.
27
What territorial changes did the Tripartite Intervention result in?
-Russia taking control of the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur
-Germany gaining control of the Shantung Peninsula and the port of Weihaiwei
-Japan ruling Taiwan.
28
What effect did the Tripartite Intervention have on Japan and its ruling of Taiwan?
-The Tripartite Intervention left Japan humiliated.
-Shortly afterwards in May 1895, Taiwan declared itself to be the Republic of Formosa in a challenge to Japanese rule.
-Five months later, Japanese forces defeated the rebel forces, leaving Taiwan under Japanese control.
29
Describe the relationship between Japan and Russia after the first Sino-Japanese War
-Russia emerged as Japan’s primary challenger.
-Tensions between the two countries centred on the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur.
-Japan’s economy benefited from its rapid industrialization.
-Rapid economic growth allowed Japan to enlarge its army and navy.
-Japan also began looking for allies.
30
When was the Anglo-Japanese Alliance formed?
1902
31
Why was the Anglo-Japanese Alliance formed?
-Russia also was rapidly industrialized and looked to expand into China.
-Concerned with Russian intent in China, Britain and Japan formed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.
32
What effect did the Anglo-Japanese Alliance have on Japan?
-The alliance reassured Japan that a war with Russia would not expand into a wider war with other countries as those countries would then be at war with Britain, a world power.
-Japan could now provoke a war against Russia with a greater confidence of victory.
33
When did the Russo-Japanese War take place?
1904-05
34
Describe the Russian actions that provoked Japan (events that caused the Russo-Japanese War)
-Tensions between Russia and Japan had continually increased since the Tripartite Intervention.
-Consequent Russian actions in China and Korea provoked Japan. Russia:
• Leased Port Arthur and parts of the Liaodong Peninsula from China
• Stationed warships in Port Arthur and fortified its defences
• Began construction of a railway linking Port Arthur to Russia through Manchuria, a province of China
• Pressured Korea for mining and forestry rights
• Stationed a large army in Manchuria as protection from the Boxer Rebellion and kept it there after the rebellion failed.
35
Describe the short-term causes of the Russo-Japanese War
-Diplomatic talks between the two countries failed when a Japanese proposal to establish spheres of influence in the region was ignored by Russia.
-Japan expelled the Russian ambassador and ended all relations between the two countries.
-The war started soon afterwards.
36
Describe the events of the Russo-Japanese War
-Japan attacked the Russian navy in Port Arthur in February 1904.
-Japan then invaded Korea and Manchuria.
-Port Arthur came under siege from the Japanese.
-In December 1904, Japanese artillery destroyed the Russian fleet in Port Arthur.
-The Japanese army won a major land battle at Mukden in Manchuria, taking control of that city in one of the largest battles of the twentieth century.
-The Japanese navy completely destroyed a Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima Straits.
-Japan occupied Sakhalin Island, claimed by Russia.
-The 1905 Revolution broke out in Russia, partially caused by Russian military defeats, forcing the Russian government to seek peace.
37
When was the Treaty of Portsmouth signed?
1905
38
Give an overview of the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth
The USA helped in negotiations of the Treaty of Portsmouth signed by Japan and Russia in September 1905.
39
What were the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth?
The terms:
-Required all troops to leave Manchuria and return it to Chinese control
-Permitted Japan to lease the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur from China
-Granted Japan the right to lease the Southern Manchurian Railway, built by Russia, from China
-Gave Japan the southern half of Sakhalin Island
-Recognized Japan’s claim on Korea.
40
What additional international benefits did Japan receive from its victory in the Russo-Japanese War?
-International respect
-Control of Korea in return for allowing the USA full control of the Philippines
-British recognition of Japan’s right to control Korea
-An extension of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
41
Who won the Russo-Japanese War?
Japan
42
What effect did the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth have on Japan's military domestically?
-At home, Japan’s military enjoyed increased prestige as well as increased government spending for its programmes.
-But, Japan was not completely satisfied with the outcome of the war and the peace treaty.
-Japan felt it deserved:
• A war indemnity from Russia to pay for the war
• All of Sakhalin Island
• Complete control of the Liaodong Peninsula, Port Arthur and parts of Manchuria instead of renting them from China.
43
What opportunity did WW1 provide for Japan?
It provided an opportunity for Japan to show the world, especially Germany and China, that it was a great power.
44
Describe the events in the Shantung Peninsula in 1914
-Britain asked Japan to enter the war as an ally in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
-Germany possessed a fortress in the harbour at Tsingtao on China’s Shantung Peninsula, where it stationed warships.
-With Japan about to move on the Shantung Peninsula, Germany removed its warships.
-Tsingtao quickly surrendered to Japan.
-Japan also quickly took control of German possessions in the Pacific Ocean.
45
Describe Japan's relationship with China during WW1 and the issuing of the 21 demands
-With most of the attention of the war on Europe, Japan took advantage of China’s weaknesses to assert its power.
-In January 1915, Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to China.
-These demands would greatly increase Japan’s power and presence in China, giving it a great degree of economic and political autonomy there, especially in Manchuria.
-Eventually the demands were reduced to thirteen.
46
How did China respond to the 21 demands (that were eventually reduced to 13) and what impacts did this decision have?
-China agreed to these demands because it was not able to resist Japan.
-Anti-Japanese sentiment swept across China.
-The USA and Britain became concerned with Japanese aggression in China.
-These concerns influenced negotiations and decisions at the Paris Peace Conference.
47
When was the Paris Peace Conference?
1919
48
Describe Japan's presence at the PPC
Japan was one of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference.
49
Describe Japan's presence in the League of Nations
-It was a founding member of the League of Nations.
-All League members accepted the idea of collective security, where war against one member was war against all members, and that members would seek to settle disputes diplomatically instead of militarily.
50
What did Japan and other non-European nations want to be included in the LoN's covenant?
A clause against racial discrimination
51
How did the USA and European nations respond to Japan's desire for an anti-racial discrimination clause in the LoN's covenant?
-The USA refused to allow such a clause due to racial discrimination and segregation in the USA.
-Racial discrimination and segregation could be found in many European colonies as well.
-Therefore, the Europeans were also not interested in any such clause.
52
What was Japan's major goal at the PPC?
-To retain control of the Shantung Peninsula and Germany’s former colonies in the Pacific Ocean.
-It did not achieve all of its goals.
53
What did Japan come out of the PPC with?
-Japan retained control of the Shantung Peninsula for only a few years, after China’s demand for its return was supported by the USA.
-The League of Nations established mandates for former colonies and territories of the defeated powers.
-Japan received the mandate of Germany’s Pacific territories, allowing it to administer these territories but not to annex them.
54
Despite not achieving all of its goals at the Paris Peace Conference, there was no doubt that Japan had become the ___
Major power in Asia
55
Give examples of Japanese victories to show that it had become the major power in Asia after WW1
In a few short years, it had:
• Defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War
• Annexed Korea
• Leased important ports and territories in China
• Defeated German forces in Asia
• Negotiated with the world’s major powers in shaping the post-war world.
56
What military actions did Japan take to secure new territories and expand its power and influence after WW1?
It instituted conscription and increased the size of its navy.
57
___ and ___ were the most powerful states in the Pacific Ocean after the First World War.
Japan and the USA
58
What did Japan and the USA desire after WW1?
-Both countries desired security for their territories in the region.
-Economically, Japan sought and needed good ties with the USA, especially for oil and metals.
-The USA wanted access to the Chinese market.
-Japan had significant investments in China, requiring military presence due to the unstable political situation in China.
-Limiting military strengths was important to both countries.
59
What was the relationship between Japan's military and civilian government in the interwar period?
The foreign policy goals of Japan’s military and civilian government were not perfectly aligned.
60
What were Japan's military's foreign policy goals during the interwar period?
-Maintain its strength and expand its size
-Protect Japan’s territorial interests from foreign powers
-Add more territory under Japanese control.
61
What were Japan's civilian government's foreign policy goals during the interwar period?
The civilian government was concerned with:
• Appeasing the military due to its political influence in the cabinet
• Economic pressures that could result from enlarging the military
• Maintaining good economic relations with the USA and European powers
• Not provoking the USA, Britain or other European powers.
62
What was Shidehara Diplomacy?
-Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara developed a policy that allowed the military to expand and reassured foreign powers.
-This policy came to be known as Shidehara Diplomacy and lasted until 1931.
63
When was the Washington Naval Conference and treaties?
1921-22
64
What did the Washington Naval Conference seek to do?
Limit the size of navies
65
What was the Five-Power Treaty also called?
The Washington Naval Treaty
66
What did the USA, Britain, and Japan agree to in the Five-Power (Washington Naval) Treaty?
To:
• Stop building battleships for ten years
• Scrap some capital ships
• A 5:5:3 ratio of capital ships: for every five capital ships for the USA and Britain, Japan was allowed three
• Limit the building of fortifications in the Pacific to only Pearl Harbor, Hawaii for the USA.
67
What did Britain, France, the USA, and Japan agree to in the Four-Power Treaty?
They agreed to respect each other's territories
68
What did Japan agree to in the Nine-Power Treaty?
To remove its military from the Shantung Peninsula.
69
How did Japan feel about the Washington Naval Treaties (five, four, and nine)?
-Japan’s military was not pleased with these treaties.
-Japan’s civilian government was satisfied because the agreements limited spending during economic troubles and provided a basis for good relations with western powers.
70
When was the London Naval Conference?
1930
71
What was the purpose of the London Naval Conference?
To review the earlier naval agreements
72
Describe Japan's aims at the London Naval Conference, how these aims turned out, and what the effects of the agreement were
-Japan wanted a better ratio for its capital ships.
-A compromise allowed Japan to increase its ratio of battleships to 70%, but to retain a 60% ratio for cruisers.
-The military’s threat of a political crisis failed.
-Ultranationalists hated the agreement and one of them assassinated Japan’s prime minister.
73
Give an overview of Japan's military expansion after the 1920s
-After restrictions on military spending for most of the 1920s, political pressure grew to increase the size of the military and for expansion to gain natural resources.
-Japan turned to China.
74
Describe the increased military spending in Japan during the GD
-Japan’s navy was limited by several treaties.
-Its army was not.
-As the military increased its political power in Japan, it was able to increase the size of the army.
-To address the economic crisis of the Great Depression, the government used military spending to stimulate the economy.
-Japan’s military might greatly increased.
75
Give an overview of Japan's economic situation (time period- interwar period?)
-Economics had a great influence on Japanese foreign policy during a period of economic instability.
-Japan experienced periods of growth followed by periods of decline.
-Monopolies expanded their control of the economy as a result of this instability.
-Economic instability affected political instability.
76
Describe Japan's industrialization and foreign policy (time period?)
-Industrialization meant wealth and security for those industrialized countries.
-Those countries, such as China, that failed to industrialize were weak.
-They could not protect themselves from imperial powers.
-Japan’s industrial growth from the late nineteenth century to the end of the First World War was astonishing.
-In a short time, it went from a feudal country to a world power.
-Modern technology and a modern economy allowed Japan to export goods (e.g. cotton and silk) throughout the Pacific region.
-It also produced goods such as iron and steel, and started shipbuilding and coal mining to meet its military needs.
77
Explain what Zaibatsu were
-Zaibatsu were huge corporations, monopolies, owned by families with vast influence in multiple industries.
-By 1918, eight zaibatsu controlled 20 % of manufacturing, mining, and trade.
78
Describe the significance of the Zaibatsu during the Great Depression
-The economic troubles of the late 1920s and the Great Depression allowed them to get larger as smaller businesses failed.
-The Zaibatsu turned economic power into political power in the Diet, allowing them to shape economic policies.
-Soon they turned to the military for an ally and became important players in Japanese militarism.
79
Describe the social stress and unemployment that Japan experienced between WW1 and the Great Depression
-Industrialization caused great social stress.
-From the First World War to the Great Depression, Japan experienced cycles of boom with high employment and busts with massive unemployment.
80
Outline the economic changes that Japan underwent between WW1 and the Great Depression
-Japan’s economy grew during the First World War.
-By 1920, western nations were trading again and Japan’s economy suffered, causing widespread unemployment.
-Rebuilding efforts after an earthquake and fire devastated Tokyo in 1923 caused the economy and jobs to swell.
-Prosperity was short-lived as bank failures contributed to the economy's collapse in 1927, creating massive unemployment.
-The Great Depression occurred.
81
What was the Great Depression and how did most countries react?
-The Great Depression began in 1929 and plunged the world into economic troubles.
-In an effort to protect domestic economies, most countries resorted to trade barriers on foreign imports.
82
Why did Japan's economy suffer during the Great Depression?
Because its economy relied on exports, especially to the USA
83
Give some statistics and facts to show how the Japanese economy suffered during the Great Depression
-The worst-hit industry was the silk industry. By 1932, the price of silk had fallen to less than one-fifth of what it had been in 1923.
-The Tokyo Stock Market lost 50% of its value.
-Exports decreased by over 40%.
-World trade declined by 70% after the Wall Street Crash
-About half of small- and medium-sized businesses closed.
-Unemployment rose substantially.
84
What did economic hardship lead to in Japan and how were the Zaibatsu able to act?
-Economic hardship caused political unrest, including strikes, riots and demands for a new form of government.
-The zaibatsu, however, were able to increase their share of the market with the failure of smaller businesses.
85
How did the government aim to solve the economic crisis in Japan during the Great Depression and what did this lead to?
-The government tried to solve the crisis, including plans to send Japanese workers to Manchuria.
-By 1936, there had been little success.
-The Finance Minister was assassinated in 1936.
-He was replaced by a military appointee.
-The military began to dominate the government.
86
How did the military dominate the government after the government failed to solve the economic crisis?
The military began to dominate the government by:
• Increasing military spending to modernize and expand the military
• Seeking new territory to solve the natural resources problem, such as lack of iron, coal and oil
• Formulating an expansionist policy that meant more war and the need for a war economy.
87
Give an overview of the domestic instability and foreign affairs in Japan that occured as a result of the economic crisis
-The economic crisis caused political instability.
-The governing system from the Meiji Constitution was losing legitimacy.
-Japan’s interests in Manchuria and calls for expansion meant that foreign policy and domestic policy were closely tied together.
88
Give examples of why Japan’s governing system was complex and contained numerous structural conflicts (domestic instability as a result of economic crisis)
-The military had direct access to the Emperor
-The cabinet was solely responsible to the Emperor
-Policies required unanimous approval by ministers to be enacted
-The House of Representatives controlled taxes, budgets and funding
-The House of Peers contained many former ministers who often acted independently
-The Privy Council, composed of genrō, had direct access to the Emperor and could veto any government proposals.
89
How did the increasing number of political parties make the domestic situation in Japan even harder
-The increasing number of political parties added even more demands, making compromise even harder.
-The ultimate authority of the Emperor became even more important.
-The Great Depression increased the problems of government, bringing even more political instability to Japan.
90
Describe the presence of communism in Japan during the interwar period
-Communism’s call for the overthrow of government and equality for all held great appeal for many.
-The Peace Protection Law of 1925 (amended in 1928) allowed for the arrest and execution of anyone wanting to change the government system.
-Perhaps more importantly, the anti-communist policy acted as opposition to the Soviet Union, the world’s only communist state.
-The Soviet Union bordered Korea and Manchuria, making it a threat to Japanese interests in Asia.
91
What was the Showa Restoration?
-A conservative movement grew calling for full power be given to the Shōwa Emperor.
-Direct rule for the Shōwa Emperor would eliminate the problems of government.
92
When was the Showa Restoration?
93
Who supported the Showa Restoration and what action did these people take?
-The idea especially appealed to rural farmers, most with no prospects for a decent life.
-They joined the military, where they became a base for powerful conservative forces.
-They supported young, ultranationalist officers who also believed in the Shōwa Restoration.
94
What were the two factions that Japan's military was internally divided into?
-The Tōseiha/Control faction, which wanted reform
-The Koda-ha or Imperial Way faction, which wanted direct rule from the Emperor
-Both groups were imperialist and wanted Japanese expansion.
-However, the Koda-ha/Imperial Way was generally the more radical of the
two.
95
What were the aims of the Toseiha/Control faction?
The Tōseiha wanted reform; it would:
• Modernize the army
• Suppress political parties
• Use legal means to get military influence in government
• Prepare for eventual total war with China and, perhaps, other states.
96
What were the aims of the Koda-ha/Imperial Way faction?
They desired complete, direct rule by the Emperor; it wanted:
• Complete destruction of political parties and the zaibatsu
• To destroy the corrupt and incompetent governing system
• To eliminate communists and socialists
• War with the Soviet Union.
97
What actions did the radical faction take between 1931 and 1936?
-The radical faction attempted several coups d’état between 1931 and 1936.
-Several high-ranking officials and zaibatsu leaders were assassinated during these attempted coups d’état.
98
How did the Toseiha faction gain support and what did this lead to?
-They gained the support of the Emperor, the Privy Council, the cabinet, the Diet and the zaibatsu.
-The Tōseiha now controlled the government.
-It reorganized the economy, suppressed dissent, and expanded military budgets and war (but avoided conflict with the Soviet Union).
99
Describe the Japanese military's power between 1932 and 1941
-The military came to dominate Japan’s government.
-Between 1932 and December 1941, Japan had nine different prime ministers.
-Six of the prime ministers were army generals or navy admirals.
100
Give an overview of the political instability in China (time period?)
Political instability and a weak national government in China made the country vulnerable to a foreign power.
101
When was the warlord era in China?
Between 1918 and 1928
102
Describe the warlord era in China
-Between 1918 and 1928, regional warlords controlled China and fought one another for power and territory.
-Zhang Zuolin, warlord in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, eventually became the most powerful warlord.
103
Describe Zhang Zuolin's presence in Manchuria
-Zhang Zuolin’s powerful army brought stability to Manchuria, allowing it to declare independence in 1922.
-The Japanese government supported Zhang, because he permitted Japan to develop its economic interests in Manchuria.
104
How did Japan's Kwantung Army feel about Zhang Zuolin's presence in Manchuria and what did this lead to?
-Japan’s Kwantung Army officers, many of whom were members of the radical faction Kōdōha, however, saw his autonomy and large army as a threat.
-Kwantung Army officers assassinated Zhang in 1928.
-They were seen as nationalistic heroes in Japan and not punished for their insubordination.
105
Describe the events that led to the end of warlords in China
-The Kuomintang (KMT) used Chinese nationalism and anti-foreign sentiment to unite various factions in southern China.
-Strengthened by its support of the anti-foreign movement and an alliance with Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the KMT was strong enough to defeat the warlords in a military campaign called the Northern Expedition.
106
What conflict took place during the Northern Expedition campaign and what did this cause?
-During the campaign, the KMT turned on its communist allies in what eventually would become a civil war.
-The success of the KMT led Zhang’s son and also his successor to bring Manchuria back into a united China.
107
Describe the state of newly-united China after the warlord era (time period?)
-Chiang Kai-shek, head of the KMT, became China’s Director of the State Council, the equivalent of President.
-Economic and political reorganization strengthened China despite the destruction and casualties from the Northern Expedition.
-However, the KMT’s attack on the CCP meant the loss of a potential ally in the Soviet Union, which supported the CCP.
108
What had Japan's foreign policy been shaped by from WW1 to 1927?
Shidehara Diplomacy
109
What did Shidehara diplomacy emphasize?
-International diplomacy and negotiations
-Reluctance to antagonize the USA or China
-Implementing treaties that allowed Japanese troops to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria and several port cities.
110
What was Japan's foreign policy changed to in 1927 and why?
The success of Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT changed Japan’s policy beginning in 1927 to the Positive Policy (from Shidehara Diplomacy).
111
What did the Positive Policy of Japanese foreign policy lead to?
Japan:
• Treated Manchuria as a special case
• Hoped to prevent a Chinese invasion of Manchuria
• Sent troops to occupy the Shantung Peninsula
• Supported the warlord Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria
• Believed that the international community’s policies aimed to weaken Japan in Manchuria
• Considered foreign powers incapable of understanding Japan’s needs and special mission in Asia.
112
Describe Japan's military attitude towards China when it was newly-united
-The elite Kwantung Army was stationed in the Liaodong Peninsula to protect Japan’s interests there as well as the border of Korea, Japan’s colony.
-With a newly united China, more troops reinforced the Kwantung Army.
113
With a newly united China, more troops reinforced the Kwantung Army. What did this lead to?
-This strengthened the conviction among the Kwantung Army officers that their beliefs regarding Manchuria were crucial to Japan’s security and needs.
-Worried about future insubordination, Japan’s government decided to replace the Kwantung Army leadership.
-Hours before this could happen, the Manchurian Crisis occurred.
114
Describe the political instability in China and why this was a reason for Japanese expansion
-Encouraged by public outrage concerning the behavior of foreigners in China, Chinese nationalism had grown.
-The Nationalist Party in China, the Guomindang (GMD), led by Jiang Jieshi, began a campaign of national unification.
-By 1921, a new political party, the Communist Party, had been set up in China.
-Initially, the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, joined with Jiang Jieshi to form the United Front.
-The United Front launched a “Northern Expedition” to consolidate central government control and wrest power from the warlords.
-However, ultimately, the Nationalists
and the Communists were to clash in an all-out civil war which, from 1927, directed the energies and focus of Jiang towards defeating the
Communists rather than the Japanese.
-Japan took advantage of the political chaos, knowing that the leaders of China would be distracted.
115
Economic benefits of Manchuria to Japan
-Manchuria’s wealth of resources (coal, iron, and timber) was increasingly enticing to a Japan suffering the deprivations of the depression.
-If Japan took over Manchuria it would control these resources and also gain a market for its manufactured goods.
-Manchuria could also provide living space for an over-populated Japan.
