CB5 - Health, disease and the development of medicines

Question 1

What is Health?

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 2

What is the diff between communicable and non-communicable disease?

Answer 2

Communicable are disease that can be spread between individuals.
Non-communicable can’t be transmitted between individuals.

Question 3

Explain why having one disease makes you vulnerable to get another diaease?

Answer 3

If you are affected by one, your body may become weak and less able to fight off other.

Question 4

Describe Cholera?

Answer 4

Caused by bacterium
Causes Diarrhoea
Spreads via contaminated water
Prevent by having clean water supplies

Question 5

Describe Tuberculosis?

Answer 5

Caused by bacterium
Causes lung damage
Spreads via air
Prevent by avoiding crowded space and wear masks

Question 6

Describe Malaria?

Answer 6

Caused by protist
Causes damage to red blood cell and liver
Spread via animal vectors
Prevent by insect repellent and nets

Question 7

Describe Stomach ulcers?

Answer 7

Caused by bacterium
Causes stomach pain and vomiting
Spread via eating contaminated water or food
Prevent by drinking clean water and hygienic food

Question 8

Describe Ebola?

Answer 8

Caused by virus
Causes fever with bleeding
Spread via bodily fluids
Prevent by isolating infected individuals

Question 9

Describe Lytic pathway?

Answer 9

The virus uses its protein spikes to pierce into the host cell.
Next, the virus injects its DNA into the cell, forming new parts for the virus.
Then, these parts assemble into new viruses. This keeps happening.
Finally when the cell can hold no more, the cell bursts (Cell lysis) releasing the virus particles into the host organism to infect more cells.

Question 10

Describe Lysogenic pathway?

Answer 10

The virus uses its protein spikes to pierce into the host cell.
Next, the virus will inject its DNA into the host cell. Here, it will combine with the host’s DNA. Now the host cell will divide and replicate, each cell containing the viral genetic material.

Question 11

Describe Chlamydia?

Answer 11

Caused by bacterium
Causes infertility
Spread by intercourse
Prevent by using protection or screening

Question 12

Describe HIV?

Answer 12

Caused by virus
Kills white blood cell and eventually leads to aids
Spread by bodily fluids
Prevented by using protection

Question 13

Describe physical barriers plants uses to prevent from pathogen?

Answer 13

1. Leaves and stems have waxy cuticle, provides barrier to stop pathogens entering. Also stops water collecting which can stop pathogens in water
2. Surrounded by cell walls made from cellulose.

Question 14

Describe chemical barriers plants use to prevent from pathogen?

Answer 14

Produce chemicals that help prevent damage to plant.
1. Produce chemicals called antiseptics which kill pathogen
2. Produce chemicals to deter pests.
Some chemicals can be used to treat human disease like Aspirin found in willow trees.

Question 15

How can plant diseases be detected?

Answer 15

1. Observing changes to the plant in a different environment
2. Detecting pathogen DNA on a plant

Question 16

Describe physical barriers humans use to prevent from pathogen?

Answer 16

1. Skin acts as barrier and if it gets damaged, blood clots seal it
2. Hair and mucus in your nose trap particles that contain pathogen
3. Cells in trachea and bronchi produce mucus which trap pathogen. Bronchi have cilia - hair like structure waft mucus to back of throat.

Question 17

Describe chemical barriers humans use to prevent from pathogen?

Answer 17

1. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid and kills pathogens swallowed
2. Eyes produce chemical called lysozyme which kills bacteria on surface of eye.

Question 18

How does immune response attack pathogens?

Answer 18

Every pathogen has antigens on it’s surface.
When B-lymphocyte (White Blood Cell) come across pathogen, it produces antibodies which bind to the pathogen.

Question 19

Describe memory lymphocytes and role in secondary response?

Answer 19

Whilst antibodies are made to fight against a pathogen, memory lymphocytes are also produced. Their role in a secondary immune response is that if the same pathogen re enters the body, these memory lymphocytes will remember the pathogen and be able to deal with it extremely quickly

Question 20

What is the body’s response to inactive pathogen?

Answer 20

It is immunisation where inactive pathogens are injected with antigens so B-lymphocyte release antibodies which also create memory. When an active pathogen comes, it is ready to attack.

Question 21

What are the Advantages and disadvantages of Immunisation?

Answer 21

Advantage:
- If big outbreak of disease, country could do something called Herd immunity where everyone gets immunised and the disease will not be passed on that much.
Disadvantages:
- Does not always work
- May have a bad reaction but very rare

Question 22

Why can antibiotics only kill bacteria?

Answer 22

They prevent the developing processes in the bacterial cells by attacking their cell walls, as well as not affect the host cells in the process.

Question 23

Explain the aseptic techniques?

Answer 23

1. Use an autoclave (High pressure steam machine) to sterilise the Petri dish.
2. Before transferring bacteria using an inoculating loop (wire loop), run it through a hot flame, so that unwanted micro-organisms are killed.
3. Cover the completed Petri dish with a lid which is lightly taped on. This ensures no micro-organisms from the air enter the Petri dish.

Question 24

Practical : Investigate effect of substance on bacterial growth

Answer 24

1. Place paper disk soaked in diff types of antibiotics on agar plate that has even covering of bacteria
2. Antibiotics should diffuse into agar. Antibiotic-resistant will grow on agar around paper where bacteria has died (Inhibition Zone)
3. Make sure use a control (Paper disk not soaked)
4. Leave plate for 48 hours at 25 Celsius
5. More effective antibiotic, larger inhibition zone

Question 25

What is the formula to calculate cross-sectional areas of bacterial cultures and clear
agar jelly?

Answer 25

Area = Pi x radius^2

Question 26

Describe process of new medicine and the 2 trials?

Answer 26

1. Drug has to be discovered
2. When a potential drug is discovered, it needs to be developed.
   Preclinical testing:
3. Drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues
4. Test drug on live animal to check if drug works and how toxic it is
   Clinical testing:
5. If drug passes test on animals then tested on humans
6. Drug is tested on healthy volunteers to make sure it does not have any side effects
7. If result are good, tested on ill people. Optimum dose is found
8. Patients are put into 2 groups and one is given is the drug and other placebo and the doctors don’t know as well. This is so the results are influenced by their knowledge.

Question 27

Describe production of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 27

1. A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen
2. Take the B-lymphocytes from the mouse (which will have the antibodies for the antigen)
3. Fuse the B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells (tumour cells)
4. This forms a hybridoma cell
5. This divides quickly to produce many clones with the same antibodies

Question 28

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy test?

Answer 28

1. The hormone HCG is present in the urine of pregnant women
2. The part of the stick where the woman would urinate has antibodies to the hormone, with BLUE beads attached
3. At the end of the stick is strip with more of the antibodies attached
4. If a pregnant woman urinates on the stick, the HCG would bind to the antibodies at the start of the strip
5. The urine would move up the stick, carrying the hormone as well as the blue beads
6. The beads and hormone would bind to the antibodies on the end of the strip. The beads then would turn the strip blue, indicating a positive test.

Question 29

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate blood clots?

Answer 29

When blood clots, protein in blood join together. Monoclonal antibodies bind to the protein.
Attach radioactive material to antibodies and inject. Use a camera that picks up radiation.

Question 30

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate cancer?

Answer 30

Antibodies are attached with radioactive material and injected to patient. The antibodies will bind the the tumour makers. A picture is taken to pick up radiation.

Question 31

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?

Answer 31

Anti-cancer drug attached to antibodies. The antibodies bind with tumour makers and drug kills cancer and cell and not normal cell. Other cancer treatment kill normal cell.

Question 32

How can you get non-communicable disease?

Answer 32

1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Cancer
3. Nutrition related disease (Type 2 diabetes)

Question 33

How to calculate BMI?

Answer 33

Weight / (Height)^2
Weight = KG
Height = m

Question 34

What is waist to hip ratio?

Answer 34

Waist circumference / hip circumference

Question 35

How can smoking give you lung cancer?

Answer 35

Nicotine in cigarettes is highly addictive, as well as increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
Increase risks of blood clots, which can restrict blood flow, leading to heart attacks.

Question 36

What are the treatment of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 36

1. Making change to your lifestyle reduces the risk and get a balanced, healthy diet including all the nutrients.
2. Some drugs can be used where you have to take them for ever because of a bad lifestyle
3. Stents is a surgical procedure. Tubes are inserted into clogged arteries, making the diameter of the lumen increase, allowing free blood flow.