CBC

Question 1

Benefits of a CBC with differential

Answer 1

1. Diagnose a medical problem
2. Check if the body has an infection
3. Tell how body fights infection
4. Study how a disease affects the body
5. Tell if a treatment is working

Source: Presented by: Amira Essam El-din Mady

Question 2

Introduction

Answer 2

Blood cells have important jobs.
The body has 3 main types:
- Red blood cells( RBC) that carry oxygen through the body
- White blood cells(WBC) that fight infection and disease
- Platelets that help blood clots after injury

Question 3

Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer 3

Also known as a hemogram or a full blood count (FBC).
The CBC is a basic screening test that provides valuable diagnostic information about the hematologic and other body systems, prognosis, response to treatment, and recovery.

The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells).

Question 4

What a CBC test measures

Answer 4

1. Red blood cells (RBCs) count: report the total number of RBCs.
2. RBC indices: calculated values of size and Hb content of RBCs. It can provide information about the cause of a person’s anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency.
3. White blood cells (WBCs): report the numbers and types of white blood cells.
4. Differential WBC count: identifies specific patterns of WBCs by percentage of each cell type. It can help to diagnose viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia.

Question 5

What a CBC test measures

Answer 5

5. Platelets: report the numbers and size of the platelets. Thrombocytes are necessary for clotting and control of bleeding. A normal platelet count in healthy people is 150,000 to 400,000/mm3.
6. Mean platelet volume(MPV): index of platelet production
7. Hemoglobin: Main component of RBCs and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. A normal hemoglobin level is 12 g/dL.
8. Hematocrit (HCT): Percentage of RBC’s mass compared to the total volume of the blood.

Question 6

What a CBC test measures

Answer 6

9. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): The average size of red blood cells
10. RBC distribution width (RDW): indicates degree variability and abnormal cell size.
11. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
12. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Question 7

Normal values of CBC test (Hologram)

Answer 7

Tests of white blood cells( WBCs)

Question 8

Tests of white blood cells( WBCs)

Answer 8

White blood cells (WBCs) count (leukocyte count)
Leukocytes fight infection and defend the body by phagocytosis, in which the leukocytes encapsulate foreign organisms and destroy them. Leukocytes also produce, transport, and distribute antibodies as part of the immune response. The normal white blood cell count is 5,000 to 10,000/mm3.

Question 9

Tests of white blood cells( WBCs)

Answer 9

Differential WBC count (Diff Leukocyte Count)
The total count of circulating WBCs is differentiated according to the five types of leukocytes, each of which performs a specific function.
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes

Question 10

Segmented Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils, PMNs, Segs, Polys)

Answer 10

Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocytes in the body’s reaction to inflammation. The primary defense against microbial invasion. Normal findings: Absolute count: 3000 to 7000/mm3 or 3 to 7× 109 /L, Differential: 50% of total WBC count

Question 11

Increased neutrophils

Answer 11

Acute, localized, and general bacterial infections
Fungal and some parasitic infections
Inflammation as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis and burns
Diabetes mellitus
Chemicals and drugs causing tissue destruction as lead and mercury
Acute hemorrhage and hemolytic anemia
Decreased neutrophils
Viral infections
Hematopoietic diseases such as iron deficiency anemia and aplastic anemia.
Autoimmune causes
Drug hypersensitivity

Question 12

Eosinophils

Answer 12

These cells fight infection, inflammation, and allergic reactions such as asthma attacks. They also defend the body against parasites, bacteria, and fungi. Normal findings: Absolute count: 0 to 0.7×

Source: Presented by: Amira Essam El-din Mady

Question 13

Acute hemorrhage and hemolytic anemia

Answer 13

Decreased neutrophils

Example sentence: Acute hemorrhage and hemolytic anemia can lead to decreased neutrophils.

Question 14

Viral infections

Answer 14

Decreased neutrophils

Question 15

Hematopoietic diseases such as iron deficiency anemia and aplastic anemia

Answer 15

Decreased neutrophils

Question 16

Autoimmune causes

Answer 16

Decreased neutrophils

Question 17

Drug hypersensitivity

Answer 17

Decreased neutrophils

Question 18

Eosinophils

Answer 18

These cells fight infection, inflammation, and allergic reactions such as asthma attacks. They also defend the body against parasites, bacteria, and fungi.

Normal findings: Absolute count: 0 to 0.7× 10^9 /L, Differential: 0% to 3% of total WBC count

Question 19

Increased eosinophils

Answer 19

Allergies, fever and asthma
Parasitic disease
Addison’s disease
Chronic skin disease
Immunodeficiency disorders
Poisons
Aspirin sensitivity and allergic drug reactions

Question 20

Decreased eosinophils

Answer 20

Cushing’s syndrome
Use of certain drugs such as ACTH, epinephrine and prostaglandin
Acute bacterial infection

Question 21

Basophils

Answer 21

These cells affect allergic reactions, protection against parasites, and the immune response to some cancers.

Normal findings: Absolute count: 15 to 50/mm^3 or 0.02 to 0.05× 10^9 /L, Differential: 0% to 1% of total WBC count

Question 22

Increased basophils

Answer 22

Granulocytic leukemia
Acute basophilic leukemia
Hodgkin’s disease

Question 23

Decreased basophils

Answer 23

Acute phase of infection
Stress
Hyperthyroidism
After prolonged steroidal therapy, chemotherapy and radiation

Question 24

Monocytes

Answer 24

These cells remove foreign material such as germs and dead cells. The body’s second line of defense against infection.

Normal findings: Absolute count: 100 to 500/mm^3 or 0.1to 0.5 × 10^9 /L, Differential: 3% to 7% of total WBC count

Question 25

Increased monocytes

Answer 25

Breast, stomach and ovary cancer Lipid storage disease Hodgkin’s disease Surgical trauma Chronic ulcerative colitis Some parasitic, mycotic diseases

Question 26

Decreased monocytes

Answer 26

Prednisone treatment HIV infection Aplastic anemia Hairy cell leukemia

Question 27

Lymphocytes

Answer 27

There are 2 main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells fight off invading viruses, bacteria, and toxins. B cells also play a role in the response to cancer. T cells target and destroy cancer cells or cells infected with viruses. ## Footnote Normal findings: Absolute count: 1500 to 4000 cells/mm^3 or 1.5 to 4 × 10^9 /L, Differential: 25% to 40% of leukocyte count

Question 28

Increased lymphocytes

Answer 28

Lymphocytic leukemia Infectious lymphocytosis Viral diseases Some bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis Drug hypersensitivity Addison’s disease

Question 29

Decreased lymphocytes

Answer 29

Chemotherapy, radiation and immunosuppressive medications After administration of cortisone Inherited immune disorders Congestive heart failure

Question 30

Functions of circulating WBCs

Answer 30

Neutrophils Pyogenic infections (bacterial) Allergic disorders and parasitic infestations Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Viral infections Lymphocytes Severe infections Parasitic infections and some allergic disorder