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HELENP CBG VIROLOGY AND IMMUNITY > CBG Lecture 25&26: Immunology > Flashcards

CBG Lecture 25&26: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

why study immunology

A 
control infectious disease
autoimmuno disease treatment
cancer treatment
transplantation
veterinary immunology
digestive diseases sometimes related to immune system eg. Crohns
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2
Q

what type of infections are ranked number 1 on infectious disease killers

A

respiratory infections

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3
Q

give an example of a digestive disease related to immune system

A

Crohns

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4
Q

what are the major categories of human infection

A

virus
fungi
parasites
bacteria

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5
Q

what are the major viral diseases

A

HIv-aids
Poliovirus-polio
rubeola-measles

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6
Q

what are the major fungal diseases

A

tinea corporis - ringworm

candida albicans - candidiosis (thrush)

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7
Q

what are the major parasitic diseases

A

plasmodium - malaria

leishmania - leishmaniasis

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8
Q

what are the major bacterial diseases

A

myobacterium tuberculosis - TB
pertussis - whooping cough
vibrio cholerae-cholera
borrelia burgdoferei - lime

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the IS

A

to dead with harmful pathogens and internal threats like cancer

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10
Q

what is the nature of the threat of harmful pathogens

A
  1. bacteria and viruses grow exponentially - we dont
  2. microbes evolve rapidly, therefore IS must adapt - hard wiring specificity is not enough
  3. IS has to kill off foreign pathogens without destroying “self”
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11
Q

what are general/broad difficulties IS has to face when fighting infections

A
  1. bacterial and viruses grow exponentially-we dont
  2. viruses and bacteria can evolve rapidly
  3. IS needs to make sure it doesnt destroy self
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12
Q

outline key properties of innate IS

A
  1. fixed response
  2. rapid response -4hrs
  3. limited number of specificities
  4. constant during response
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13
Q

outline key properties of adaptive IS

A
  1. variable response
  2. slower response - 4 days
  3. numerous highly selective specificities
  4. improve during response
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14
Q

when does the adaptive immmune response begin

A

when a pathogen is ingested by an immature dendritic cell in the infected tissue

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15
Q

name some cells involved in innate immunity

A

phagocytes
complement
NK cells

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16
Q

name some cells involved in adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes - antibodies
T lymphocytes
effector T cells

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17
Q

what constitutes the serum component of blood

A

cell free liquid minus the clotting factor

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18
Q

what does serum include

A 
electrolytes
ABs
hormones
drugs
microorgs
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19
Q

what does plasma include

A

vell free liquid with clotting factors in solkn
includes EDTA
all of serum

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20
Q

what is EDTA

A

a good anticoagulant

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21
Q

if you centrifuge blood what do you get

A

55% plasma

buffy coat - leukocytes+platelets

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22
Q

what makes up 55% blood

A

plasma

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23
Q

what makes up buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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24
Q

what makes up 4% blood

A

erythrocytes

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25
Q

what is a stem cell called

A

hematopoietic

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26
Q

what are hematopoeitic cells

A

blood cells that give rise to all the other blood cells and are derived from mesoderm. They are located in the red bone marrow, which is contained in the core of most bones.

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27
Q

what are two main types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes - B cells

and T lymphocytes - T cells

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28
Q

where are B and T cells produced

A

B - bone marrow

T - thymus

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29
Q

what other lymphocytes are produced

A

memory cells

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30
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

kill cells infected with certain viruses - theyre both innate and adaptive
involved in tumour surveillance

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31
Q

what is a plasma cell

A

a fully differentiated B cell which secretes Abs

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32
Q

what are memory cells critical for

A

vaccination and repeated response/exposure to infectoin

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33
Q

name a major human disease that has been eradicated

A

small pox

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34
Q

what cell response do most vaccines generate

A

B cell response - but to be super effective want a cytotoxic T cell response

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35
Q

for a vaccine to be super effective, what type cell response would you ideally want to be generated

A

a cytotoxic T cell response

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36
Q

what is another word for a monocyte

A

macrophage

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37
Q

whats the difference between monocyte and macrophages

A

monocytes are young macrophages in blood

monocytes have kidney shaped nucleus, macrophages have round shaped nucleus

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38
Q

what are macrophages involved in

A

phagocytosis and killing of microogs- activation of T cells and initiation IS

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39
Q

what are the largest cells in the blood

A

monocytes/macrophages

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40
Q

why are there tssue specific macrophages

A

due to antigen presentation

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41
Q

describe the shape of a monocyte nucleus

A

kidney shape

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42
Q

why is a neutrophil a granulocyte

A

because it contains cytoplasmic granules

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43
Q

outline features of a neutrophil

A 
granulocyte with cytoplasmic granules
polymorphonuclear
undergoes phagocytosis
short life span - hours
important at clearing bacterial infections
innate immunity
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44
Q

are neutophils involved in adaptive or innate immunity

A

innate

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45
Q

describe the nucleus of a neutrophil

A

polymorphonuclear and multilobular

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46
Q

what cells has a multilobular nucleus

A

neutrophil

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47
Q

what is complement

A

a group of serum proteins that activates inflammation, destroys cells and participates in opsonisation

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48
Q

is complement innate or adaptive

A

innate

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49
Q

what pathways can activate complement

A

classical or alternative pathway

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50
Q

what does complement do

A

produce a cascade of reactions

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51
Q

what is the membrane attack complex

A

forms a hole in cell membrane causing cell to lyse

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52
Q

what are mast cells associated with

A

allergies

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53
Q

what does antigen processing depend on

A

whether they originate within or outside the host cell

54
Q

how are antigens that are produced within the cell processed

A

fragments of foreign proteins are antigens
antigens transported to RER
antigens combine with MHC Class 1, then transported to Golgi, then plasma membrane
cell becomes APC and stimulates destruction by CD8+ T cells - self antigens arent recognised by T cells and dont stimulate cell destruction

55
Q

give sequence of events for processing antigens produced within cell

A

proteins broken into fragments -> rough ER -> MHC Class 1 -> golgi -> plasma membrane

56
Q

give sequence of events for processing antigens originating from outside cell

A

proteins broken into fragments within vesicle -> fuse with golgi containing MHC2 -> complex transported to PM

57
Q

how are antigens originating outside cell processed (eg. bacteria/viruses)

A

ingested by phagocytosis by macrophages, undergo endoctosis
foreign fragments broken down in a vesicle
vesicle containing the foreign fragments fuses with vesicles from Golgi containing MCHclass2
MHC Class2/antigen complex is transported to the plasma membrane
the displayed MHC2/antigen complex can stimulate other immune system cells to respond to antigen

58
Q

outline immunologival memory case study

A

Faroe Islanders 0> N.Atlantic
measles epidemic 0> infected entire pop
reintroduced later, almost all inhabitants infected except those who has survived previous infection and retained immunological memory

59
Q

what is the immune system made of

A

physical barriers
cells
souluble effector protesins: ABs, complement
cytokines - ocmmunication

60
Q

name some communication signals in IS

A

cytokines

61
Q

name some intrinsic epithelial barriers to infection

A

chemical:acids/lsozyme/antibac peptides

normal flora - in gut

62
Q

what is innate IS mediated/initiated by

A

phagocytes
NK cells
soluble proteins

63
Q

what are phagocytes

A

cells specialised in phagocytosis

64
Q

name some phagocytes

A

macrophages

neutrophils

65
Q

outline process of phagocytosis

A

capture
engulfment
and break down of bacterial pathogen

66
Q

where do macrophages reside

A

can be tissue resident or recruited to sites of inflammation

67
Q

what do macrophages do - what are they important for

A

engulf and kill viruses and bacteria

important for antigen presentation to T cells

68
Q

what are neutrophils attracted by

A

chemokines which are activated by microphages

69
Q

what are phagocytes’ recognition of pathogens based upon

A

pattern recognition using germline encoded receptors or proteins

70
Q

name some receptors that macrophages express

A

express receptors for microbial constituents
LPS receptor - commonly found in bacterial cell wall
TLR-4 and TLR-2 : toll light receptor - recognise pathogen motifs in all cells in IT , recognises dsRNA therefore recognises virus

71
Q

what induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines

A

bacterial components binding to signaling receptors of macrophages

72
Q

what is TLR-4 / TLR-2

A 
toll light receptor - found on macrophages
recognise dsRNA (non self - humans dont have dsRNA)
73
Q

how do neutrophils respond to inflammatory stimuli

A

highly motile - migrate out of blood into tissues in large numbers

74
Q

what is the most common leukocyte in blood

A

neutrophils (80%(

75
Q

outline nucleus of neutrophils

A

distinctive lobed nucleus and intracellular granules

76
Q

what is lifespan of neutrophils

A

short life span c.24hrs

77
Q

what is a major constituent of pus

A

dead neutrophils

78
Q

what is the inflammatory response

A

accumulation of fluid and cells at infection site - swell, red, heat pain

79
Q

outline main roles of complement

A

opsonisation - complement proteins coat outser surface of pathogens so phagocytes can engulf and recognise them easier
membrane attack complex-grp of ocmplement proteins punch hole in pathogen - lysis
enhance inflammation

80
Q

what three outcomes of complement activation

A
  1. opsonization
  2. membrane attack Complex
  3. enhance inflammation
81
Q

state how infection triggers an inflammatory response

A

bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability:heat, red,swelling
inflammatory cells migrate to tissue rekeasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

82
Q

what causes pain in inflammatory response

A

inflammatory mediators

i

83
Q

in inflammatory response, what causes redness and swelling

A

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

84
Q

what three pathway types of complement activation

A

classical - antigen:antibody complexes
MB lectin pathway:lectin bind to pathogen surface
alternative pathway - pathogen surfaces

85
Q

what is the first line of defence against infection called

A

innate immunity

86
Q

what is recognition of pathogens in innate immunity based on

A

pattern recognition using germ line encoded receptors or proteins

87
Q

why is innate immunity non adaptive and not inclusive of memory cells

A

because pattern recognition is based on receptors that are coded for in germ line cells therefore non adaptive
also theyre evolnarily early- viruses have now evolved

88
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

specific to a particular antigen and detected by specific receptors on T and B cells

89
Q

why is adaptive immunity called adaptive

A

response improves with time and results in memory = protection against reinfection with the same pathogen

90
Q

why is adaptive immunity described as evolnarily late

A

only present in vertebrates

91
Q

what are the main cells involved in adaptive immunity

A

T and B lymphocytes

92
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

immunity due to production of antibodies due to B cells - humoral immunity

93
Q

what can B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells
memory cells
antibodies

94
Q

what do B cells require to be fully functional

A

activation by T cells

95
Q

what can b cells release

A

ABs but also cytokines

96
Q

what is a BCR

A

b cell receptor - a membrane bound immunoglobin

97
Q

what is a TCR

A

a T cell receptor

98
Q

how does a t cell recognise a foreign antigen

A

as a peptide on an MHC molecule presented by an APC - antigen presenting cell

99
Q

what are types of T cells

A

helper CD4+
cytotoxic CD8+
regulatory

100
Q

where are T and B cell responses initiated

A

in seocnary lymphoid organs - lymph nodes and spleen

101
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes and spleen

102
Q

what is antibody/humoral mediated adaptive immunity

A

directed agains extracellular microorgs and toxins

B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells which produce ABs

103
Q

what is cell mediated adaptive immunity

A

directed against intracellular microorgs

T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells following antigen presentation by APCs and activating B cells

104
Q

define antigen

A

molecule which stimulates production of and binds specifically to an antibody

105
Q

outline structure of antigens

A

primarily peptides, short strings aas but carbs, nucleic acids and lipids also potential antigens

106
Q

what are the molecules recognised by the immune response claled

A

antigens

107
Q

what are epitopes

A

sites within antigens to which antigen receptors bind

108
Q

what are sites within antigens to which antigen receptors binds

A

epitopes

109
Q

what area of antigens are individual antibodies made against

A

epitopes/antigenic determinants

110
Q

what are antigenic determinants

A

epitopes

111
Q

what is the difference between AB and T cell antigen binding

A

AB bind antigen directly

T cell requires antigen/MHC complex

112
Q

where does adaptive IR occur

A

lymph node and spleen

113
Q

outline structure of ABS

A

2 heavy chains
2 light chains
exist as monomers, dimers or pentamers of basic structure
contains variable and constant regions

114
Q

what is variable region of AB

A

antigen receptor

115
Q

what region defines structure of AB

A

constant region

116
Q

what are isotypes of ABs

A 
IgA-@mucosal surfaces, large hinge region
IgM
IgG-DEFAULT ISOTYPE
IgD -defaul
IgE -parasites
117
Q

what is default AB isotype

A

IgG

118
Q

what is AB

A

secreted form of IG made m y plasma cells

119
Q

what are different isotypes determined by

A

strcutural differences in constant regions fo heavy chains

120
Q

following exposure to antigen, what happens to B lymphoctes

A

differentiate into plasma and memory cells

121
Q

what do plasma cells produces

A

ABs of all immunoglobin classes

122
Q

what is clonal selection

A

activation of antibody producing cells

123
Q

outline clonal selection

A

biding of specific antigen results in proliferation of a clonal popn of cell
antigen determines clonal proliferation

124
Q

what are T and B cell responses

A

clonal

125
Q

discuss T and b cell receptor diversity

A

T and B cells have receptors specific for only 1 antigen and each cell is unique

126
Q

what are effector cells aka

A

memory cells

127
Q

discuss T cells and cell mediated immunity

A

T cells respond to antigens on surface of APCs - APCs ingest and process antigens then display fragments on their surface in association with MHC

128
Q

which MHC/antigen complex does CD4+ bind to

A

MHC Class 2

129
Q

which MHC/antigen complex does CD8+ bind to

A

MHC Class 1

130
Q

what do T cells which encounter antigens do

A

differentiate into effector cells

131
Q

what does antigen determine

A

clonal proliferaiton

132
Q

name some APCs

A

macrophages

dendritic cells

HELENP CBG VIROLOGY AND IMMUNITY (8 decks)

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