CC Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What is a TD volumetric pipet?
A
Precision pipet considered most accurate
2
Q
What is a blowout pipet?
A
Pipet with etched rings
3
Q
What is a Mohr pipet?
A
Pipet without lines at the tip
4
Q
What is the principle of flame photometry?
A
Emission of color when element is burned
5
Q
Name an element that produces a violet flame in flame photometry.
A
Potassium
6
Q
Which element produces a yellow flame in flame photometry?
A
Sodium
7
Q
What is the dilution factor for serum potassium determination by FES?
A
1:200 or 1:100
8
Q
What are the ingredients of biuret reagents?
A
- Rochelle salt
- Alkaline CuSO4
- NaOH
- KI
9
Q
What does a positive biuret reaction indicate?
A
Violet color
10
Q
What principle does the biuret test measure?
A
Number of peptide bonds
11
Q
What is Crigler Najar syndrome?
A
Deficiency of UDPGT leading to increased levels of indirect bilirubin
12
Q
What syndrome is characterized by increased cortisol and glucose?
A
Cushing’s syndrome
13
Q
What is the recommended site for obtaining arterialized capillary blood?
A
Not the big toe
14
Q
Which substrates are used in SGPT determination?
A
- Alanine
- Alphaketoglutaric acid
15
Q
What are the products of SGPT determination?
A
- Glutamate
- Pyruvate
16
Q
What is the indicator used in chloride titrimetric determination?
A
Diphenylcarbazone
17
Q
What is the needle length for venipuncture?
A
1.0 - 1.5 inches
18
Q
What are the needle gauges typically used for adult venipuncture?
A
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
19
Q
What is the color of a gauge 21 needle hub?
A
Green
20
Q
What are the dimensions of a tourniquet?
A
18 - 20 inches length and 1 inch width
21
Q
Where should a tourniquet be placed?
A
3 - 4 inches away from the puncture site
22
Q
How long should a tourniquet be applied?
A
One minute
23
Q
What color appears after the addition of alcohol in total bilirubin measurement?
A
Diazo bilirubin color
24
Q
What is the Van den Bergh reaction?
A
Use of diazotized sulfanillic acid
25
What is the significance of serum lipase?
Specific marker for acute pancreatitis
26
What is the Cherry Crandall method used for?
Uses olive oil and triolein
27
What is the site of urea synthesis?
Liver
28
What is the site of urea excretion?
Kidney
29
What cycle converts ammonia to urea?
Krebs Henseleit cycle
30
What is the Caraway method used for?
Uric acid test
31
What is the positive reaction wavelength for the Caraway method?
650 to 700 nanometers
32
What substrate is used in AST determination?
Aspartate alpha-ketoglutarate acid
33
What are the products of AST determination?
* Glutamate
* Oxaloacetate
34
Where is AST sourced from?
* Liver
* Heart
* Muscle
35
What is the classic method for AST and ALT?
Reitman Frankel
36
What is the coenzyme or cofactor for AST determination?
Pyridoxal phosphate or vitamin B6
37
What is atomic absorption spectrophotometry used for?
Reference method for serum calcium and magnesium
38
What is the light source for atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
Hollow cathode lamp
39
Which electrolyte has the lowest concentration in normal blood?
Magnesium
40
What is the effect of low chloride levels?
Occurs in vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea
41
What is the significance of alpha fetoprotein?
Importance in liver disease
42
What is the principal involved in the Liebermann Burchard method?
Reaction with sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride
43
What color indicates a positive reaction for cholesterol?
Green
44
What percentage of cholesterol is esterified cholesterol?
70%
45
What is the renal threshold of glucose?
160 - 180 milligrams per dL
46
What is the Conway diffusion cell used for?
Measurement of ammonia
47
What is the clinical significance of ammonia?
Reye syndrome or hepatic coma
48
What anticoagulants are used for ammonia testing?
* Heparin
* EDTA
49
What is plasma renin activity important for?
Diagnosing hypertension due to angiotensin 2
50
What is lead useful for screening?
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels
51
What is zero order kinetics?
Rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on concentration of enzyme
52
What is the purpose of the third wire in electrical instruments?
Grounding
53
What is the solubility temperature of Bence Jones protein?
100 degrees Celsius
54
What is the preferred method for detecting Bence Jones protein?
Immunofixation
55
What is the significance of oligoclonal bands?
Presence indicates multiple sclerosis
56
What is the principle of Benedict's test?
Copper reduction
57
What method measures phosphomolybdenum blue?
Folin-Wu method
58
What is the reaction for creatine kinase in the Oliver Rosalki method?
Creatine phosphate + ADP > creatine + ATP
59
What does the Jaffe reaction measure?
Creatinine measurement
60
What is the effect of hemolysis on serum bilirubin results?
Causes erroneously low results
61
What is the Berthelot reaction used for?
BUN measurement
62
What color indicates a positive reaction for Berthelot?
Indophenol blue
63
What is the significance of GGT?
Sensitive marker for hepatobiliary disease and alcoholism
64
What is the method for measuring magnesium using Titan yellow?
Titan yellow method
65
What is the effect of calcitonin on calcium and phosphorus metabolism?
* Decreased calcium
* Increased phosphorus
66
What is the main product of protein metabolism?
Urea
67
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
* A
* D
* E
* K
68
What is the main function of transferrin?
Iron transport protein
69
What is the primary structure of proteins?
Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chains
70
What is the significance of the isoelectric point?
pH at which proteins have a net charge of zero
71
What is the method of separation of proteins without solid support medium?
Moving boundary or Frontal electrophoresis
72
What are the standard dyes for protein electrophoresis?
* Ponceau S
* Bromphenol blue
* Coomasie brilliant blue
* Silver stain
* Amido black
73
What is the reference method for CHON quantification?
Kjeldahl-Nessler
74
What does albumin combine with?
Hb released by RBCs
75
What is the earliest indicator of inflammation?
CRP
76
What are the enzymes markedly elevated in muscular disorders?
* CPK
* Aldolase
77
What is the chief product of protein metabolism?
Urea
78
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
ADEK
79
Which enzyme is markedly elevated in muscular disorders?
CPK and Aldolase
80
What is the most useful enzyme for diagnosing metastatic prostatic carcinoma?
ACP
81
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
82
What is the end product of purine metabolism?
Uric acid
83
What does glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) monitor?
Long term glucose control
84
What is the other name for salivary amylase?
Ptyalin
85
What deficiency causes night blindness?
Vitamin A (Retinol)
86
Which condition causes decreased blood albumin?
Dehydration
87
Which lipoprotein is primarily involved in lipid profile testing?
Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Lipoprotein
88
What does icteric serum indicate?
Dark yellow serum due to bilirubin presence
89
What neuromotor irritability is caused by low calcium levels?
Tetany
90
What enzymatic method for cholesterol includes cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase?
Enzymatic method for cholesterol
91
Which CK isoenzyme is specific to the heart?
CKMB
92
What is the marker for colon cancer?
CEA
93
What is the more sensitive marker for prostatic carcinoma?
PSA
94
What is the main component of the liquid portion of anticoagulated blood?
Plasma
95
What is the primary anticoagulant to prevent glycolysis?
Sodium fluoride
96
What is the conversion factor for glucose determination in SI units?
0.055
97
What is the normal range of serum potassium?
4.0-5.6 mmol/L
98
What is the normal pH of blood?
pH 7.4
99
What is the panic value for glucose?
<40 mg/dL and >500 mg/dL
100
What test measures the synthetic function of the liver?
Total protein & Prothrombin time
101
What is the conversion factor for cholesterol?
0.026
102
What is the hormone that promotes sodium retention?
Aldosterone
103
What differentiates type I from type II diabetes?
C-peptide
104
What is the formula for serum osmolality?
1.86 × Na + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8
105
What is the end product of the Lieberman-Burchard reaction?
Cholestedienyl monosulfonic acid
106
What does the Salkowski reaction produce?
Cholestedienyl disulfonic acid
107
What is the significance of the 20:1 ratio?
Bicarbonate : carbon dioxide ratio
108
What is the confirmatory test for pituitary dwarfism?
Insulin tolerance test
109
What is the confirmatory test for acromegaly?
OGTT
110
What causes severe hypertriglyceridemia indicated by values >500mg/dL?
Recurrent pancreatitis
111
What does the term 'random access' refer to in laboratory testing?
Ability to select the specimen that requires immediate testing
112
What is the main hormone involved in calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone
113
What is the primary compensation for metabolic alkalosis?
Hypoventilation
114
What is the primary compensation for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
115
What is the conversion factor for urea to BUN?
0.357
116
What is the protein that rises in cirrhosis resulting in beta-gamma bridging pattern in serum electrophoresis?
IgA
117
What is the significance of the gamma spike in protein electrophoresis?
Increase in IgG seen in multiple myeloma
118
What is the confirmatory test for Cushing syndrome?
Dexamethasone suppression
119
What does the term 'carryover' refer to in analyzers?
Major source of error for continuous flow analyzers
120
What does 'systematic error' refer to?
Occurs predictably due to aging reagents, calibrators, or instrument wear
121
What does 'random error' refer to?
Occurs unpredictably and affects precision due to variation in handling techniques
122
What is the method for ACP that uses thymolpthalein monophosphate?
Roy method
123
What is the most abundant and heat-stable LD isoenzyme?
LD2
124
What is the end color of the Lieberman-Burchard reaction?
Green
125
What is the end color of the Salkowski reaction?
Red
126
What is the main method for direct measurement of HDL?
Heparin manganese
127
What is the confirmatory test for impaired fasting glucose?
2 hour OGTT
128
What is the primary function of the enzyme cholinesterase?
Indicator of organophosphate poisoning
129
What is the abnormal lactation not related to pregnancy called?
Galactorrhea
130
What is the confirmatory test for neonatal jaundice?
Phototherapy
131
What is the ideal anticoagulant for blood gas analysis?
Heparin
132
What does the term 'diagnostic sensitivity' refer to?
% of true positives
133
What does the term 'diagnostic specificity' refer to?
% of true negatives
134
What is the main hormone that affects calcium by inhibiting PTH and vitamin D synthesis?
Calcitonin
135
What is the term for enzymes bound to antibodies?
Macroenzymes
