CC1 CARBOHYDRATES 1 MIDTERM

Question 1

-minimum recommended intake of carbohydrates necessary for survival
-this level is recommended only to support the central nervous system, red blood cell production, and tissues dependent on glucose

Answer 1

130 grams or 520 kcal per da

Question 2

-immediate sources of energy for the bod

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

-serves as the major entry point for all foodstuffs to the metabolic pathways of the body

Answer 3

monosaccharide glucose

Question 4

-usually obtained from plant products. They are commonly in the form of starch

Answer 4

Exogenous carbohydrates

Question 5

easily disintegrates upon death of the animal.

Answer 5

Glycogen or “animal starch”

Question 6

-building blocks of carbohydrates.
-They include glucose, fructose, and galactose

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

-made up of two monosaccharide units
-Examples of these are sucrose, maltose and lactose

Answer 7

Disaccharides

Question 8

polymers of monosaccharides

Answer 8

Polysaccharides

Question 9

-are all polymers of glucose
-They just differ in how the glucose units are joined together.

Answer 9

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

Question 10

usual carbohydrates taken in by the
body are in the form

Answer 10

starch, sucrose, lactose and cellulose.

Question 11

-not changed as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract
-it contributes to the bulk of the stool
as it is formed in the colon

Answer 11

cellulose

Question 12

important in the normal passage of
wastes through the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 12

Cellulose fibers

Question 13

is secreted by the salivary glands.

Answer 13

salivary amylase

Question 14

The enzyme amylase converts starch into

Answer 14

starch dextrins, maltose and glucose

Question 15

act on maltose, isomaltose, a-limit dextrins,
sucrose, and lactose to form the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, & galactose

Answer 15

brush border enzymes

Question 16

certain brush border enzymes are genetically absent or are destroyed when there are

Answer 16

intestinal ulcer

Question 17

results in the formation of gases leading to
abdominal cramps and flatulence

Answer 17

lactase deficiency,

Question 18

absorbed from the lumen of the intestine

Answer 18

Glucose and galactose

Question 19

Glucose and galactose then leave the mucosal cells by

Answer 19

facilitated diffusion

Question 19

fructose is absorbed from the lumen of
the intestine by

Answer 19

passive diffusion

Question 20

Once the monosaccharides reach the liver
via the ________, interconversion of
hexoses occurs

Answer 20

portal circulation

Question 21

galactose is converted to glucose by the action of this two important enzymes

Answer 21

-galactokinase
-galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

Question 22

results in the leakage of galactose in the circulation, a condition called

Answer 22

galactosemia

Question 23

contributes to cataract formation

Answer 23

galactilol

Question 24

it is where Glucose enters the and which extracts energy from glucose and convert it in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 24

glycolytic pathway or the Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Question 25

process of building glycogen from glucose is called

Answer 25

glycogenesis

Question 26

When not needed, the glucose is stored in the liver in the form of

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

glycogen reserve about _____, and after about _______fasting, it becomes depleted.

Answer 27

-100 g -10-18 hours

Question 28

-Fatty acids are also brought to the liver where they are converted to -the precursor of ketone bodies.

Answer 28

acetyl CoA

Question 28

-the utilization of fatty acids and ketone bodies, spares the proteins from --could result in reduction of muscle mass.

Answer 28

proteolysis

Question 29

a process where alanine are brought to the liver where they are converted into glucose

Answer 29

gluconeogenesis

Question 30

serve as an important source of energy for many vital organs including the brain and the heart

Answer 30

Ketone bodies

Question 31

level of glucose in a fasting individual is maintained within the range of

Answer 31

50-110 mg/dL (2.8- 6.2 mmol/L).

Question 32

-active as a hormone -produced by the ẞ cells of the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

suggests hyperinsulinism which is characterized by severe hypoglycemia

Answer 33

high level of C-peptide (>1.9 ng/mL)

Question 33

processed by cleavage to form C-peptide and insulin.

Answer 33

Pro-insulin

Question 34

has become a marker for endogenous production of insulin to

Answer 34

C-peptide

Question 34

ratio between insulin and C- peptide.

Answer 34

1:1

Question 34

a ratio due to the rapid elimination of insulin.

Answer 34

5:1

Question 35

is the most important stimulus of insulin secretion

Answer 35

glucose

Question 36

These hormones are released usually after ingestion or food.

Answer 36

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Question 37

Insulin decrease triglyceride degradation (lipolysis) in the adipose tissue.

Answer 37

Effects on Lipid Metabolism

Question 37

stimulate the ẞ cells to secrete insulin. This happens after a protein-rich meal.

Answer 37

amino acid

Question 38

is very rich in the muscles and adipose tissues

Answer 38

GLUT-4

Question 39

insulin stimulates the entry of amino acids into the cells. It also promotes the synthesis of proteins in most tissues.

Answer 39

Effects on Protein Synthesis

Question 40

-a polypeptide hormone secreted by the a-cells of the pancreatic Islets. -called the "hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor." -Unlike insulin, glucagon has only one target tissue, the liver.

Answer 40

glucagon

Question 41

-from adrenal medulla -activates the adenylate cyclase which produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) -stimulates the breakdown of triglyceride

Answer 41

Epinephrine

Question 41

glucagon increases glucose by activating

Answer 41

1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis

Question 42

stimulate the release of glucagon

Answer 42

-Epinephrine -norepinephrine

Question 43

thyroid hormones that promote the absorption of glucose in the intestinal

Answer 43

T3 and T4

Question 43

-a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex -main activity is to stimulate gluconeogenesis -play a role in the long-term regulation of glucose metabolism

Answer 43

cortisol

Question 44

stimulate glycogenolysis and accelerates the degradation of insulin -they increase glucose levels in the blood.

Answer 44

Thyroid Hormones

Question 45

-produced by D cells of the pancreas -inhibits pituitary, gastrointestinal, & pancreatic hormones

Answer 45

Somastostatin

Question 46

ultrafiltrate thus increasing the urinary output.

Answer 46

Polyuria

Question 46

-major health problem in the Philippines -elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin

Answer 46

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Question 47

this is excessive thirst

Answer 47

Polydipsia

Question 48

this is excessive hunger

Answer 48

Polyphagia

Question 49

-due to an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by massive autoimmune attack of the B-cells of the pancreas -allows the B-cells to be recognized as "non-self" -a lot of activated T cells leading to an inflammatory condition called insulinitis -patients also manifest hypertriglyceridemia -due to the depression of the activity of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

Answer 49

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 50

requires stimulation of insulin to function.

Answer 50

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Question 51

-without obvious symptoms. Polyuria and polydipsia may be detected for several -It does not involve viruses or autoimmune antibodies -most important causes are dysfunctional B-cells and insulin resistance

Answer 51

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 52

occurs when tissues fail to respond normally to insulin

Answer 52

Insulin resistance

Question 53

it has difficulty binding with its receptors on the target cells. Or, the levels of insulin may be very low

Answer 53

pre- receptor type

Question 53

patient fails to respond to insulin because the receptors may be deficient or defective

Answer 53

receptor insulin resistance

Question 54

patient has normal levels of insulin or receptors but signal transporters leading to decreased uptake of glucose by the cells

Answer 54

post- receptor insulin resistance

Question 54

-also known as (LADA) -slow-onset version of Type 1 diabetes in adults -increasing incidence over the past -leading to the immune cells attacking and damaging the pancreatic beta cells -causing pancreas to "wear out"

Answer 54

Type 1.5 diabetes

Question 55

-can lead to coma or brain death. -Plasma glucose levels of <45 mg/dL (2.5mmol/L) -can either be post-prandial (reactive) hypoglycemia and fasting hypoglycemia.

Answer 55

Hypoglycemia

Question 56

-more common than fasting hypoglycemia -There is exaggerated insulin release following a meal -increased rate of glucose utilization by the peripheral tissues

Answer 56

Post- prandial hypoglycemia

Question 57

may lose consciousness and experience

Answer 57

Fasting hypoglycemia

Question 58

Hypoglycemia in a first week old baby

Answer 58

- <25 mg/dL - pre-term/low-birth weight infant - <30 mg/dL in full-term infants (1st 24hours) - <45 mg/dL after 24hours