CCS2

Question 1

What are the classifications of joints based on the amount and type of movement allowed?

Answer 1

• Synarthrosis: Immobile joint
• Amphiarthrosis: Slightly mobile joint
• Diarthrosis: Freely moveable joint

Question 2

What are the classifications of joints based on the type of tissue involved?

Answer 2

• Fibrous: Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
• Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage
• Synovial: Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity

Question 3

Name the types of synovial joints based on the shape of joint surfaces.

Answer 3

• Plane joints (uniaxial)
• Hinge joints (uniaxial)
• Pivot joints (uniaxial)
• Condylar joints (biaxial)
• Saddle joints
• Ball-and-socket joints (multiaxial)

Question 4

What type of joint is formed between teeth and maxilla or mandible?

Answer 4

Gomphoses: synarthroses

Question 5

What type of joint is found between skull bones?

Answer 5

Sutures: synarthroses

Question 6

What is the role of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

Answer 6

• Outer fibrous layer strengthens joint
• Inner synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid

Question 7

What is the function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

Answer 7

Reduces friction and acts as shock absorber

Question 8

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Answer 8

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Question 9

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Answer 9

Filter blood and process filtrate into tubular fluid, then urine

Question 10

What layers surround and support the kidneys?

Answer 10

• Fibrous capsule
• Perinephric fat
• Renal fascia

Question 11

What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

Answer 11

Reservoir for urine

Question 12

What are the four tunics that form the wall of the urinary bladder?

Answer 12

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Adventitia

Question 13

What are the two sphincters that control urine release from the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

• Internal urethral sphincter
• External urethral sphincter

Question 14

What are the functions performed by the urinary system?

Answer 14

• Removal of waste products from the bloodstream
• Production of urine
• Storage and excretion of urine
• Blood volume regulation
• Regulation of erythrocyte production
• Acid/base balance

Question 15

What are the components of a nephron?

Answer 15

• Renal corpuscle
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Nephron loop
• Distal convoluted tubule
• Collecting tubule/duct
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 16

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in urine formation?

Answer 16

Reabsorbs almost all nutrients leaked through the filtration membrane

Question 17

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 17

Process by which water and some dissolved solutes in blood plasma passively move out of the glomerulus into the capsular space

Question 18

What occurs during tubular reabsorption?

Answer 18

Substances in the filtrate move by diffusion or active transport across the renal tubules to return to the blood

Question 19

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 19

Active transport of solutes out of the blood into the tubular fluid

Question 20

What are the functions of the male urethra?

Answer 20

Transport urine and semen

Question 21

What is the anatomy of the perineum?

Answer 21

Diamond-shaped region between the thighs, divided into urogenital and anal triangles

Question 22

What are the regions of the female reproductive system?

Answer 22

• Ovary
• Ovarian follicle
• Uterine tube
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Vulva

Question 23

What are the regions of the uterine tube?

Answer 23

• Infundibulum
• Ampulla
• Isthmus
• Uterine part

Question 24

What is the structure of the walls of the uterine tubes?

Answer 24

• Mucosa: Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
• Muscularis: Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
• Serosa: External serous membrane

Question 25

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

Answer 25

Transport of oocytes and site of fertilization

Question 26

What is the connective tissue capsule surrounding the germinal epithelium called?

Answer 26

Tunica albuginea ## Footnote The tunica albuginea is essential for protecting the ovary.

Question 27

What are the two main divisions of the ovary?

Answer 27

Outer cortex and inner medulla ## Footnote The cortex contains ovarian follicles, while the medulla contains connective tissue and blood vessels.

Question 28

What does the cortex of the ovary contain?

Answer 28

Ovarian follicles ## Footnote Thousands of ovarian follicles are present in the cortex.

Question 29

What is a follicle composed of?

Answer 29

An oocyte surrounded by follicle cells ## Footnote Follicles vary in type based on developmental stages.

Question 30

What is the primordial follicle made up of?

Answer 30

A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicle cells ## Footnote This represents an early stage of follicle development.

Question 31

What characterizes a primary follicle?

Answer 31

A primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells (granulosa cells) ## Footnote This stage involves a transition in follicle cell shape.

Question 32

What does a secondary follicle contain?

Answer 32

A primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, and some thecal cells ## Footnote Thecal cells are part of the connective tissue surrounding the follicle.

Question 33

What is an antral (vesicular) follicle?

Answer 33

A follicle containing a fluid-filled antrum within granulosa cells ## Footnote The antrum is essential for follicular development.

Question 34

What is the corona radiata?

Answer 34

Innermost layer of granulosa cells ## Footnote It plays a crucial role during ovulation.

Question 35

What does a mature follicle contain?

Answer 35

A secondary oocyte, numerous granulosa cells, and a large antrum ## Footnote This is the final stage before ovulation.

Question 36

What happens to the follicle after the oocyte is ovulated?

Answer 36

It becomes the corpus luteum ## Footnote The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen.

Question 37

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 37

A white, connective tissue scar formed after the corpus luteum breaks down ## Footnote It is eventually reabsorbed by the body.

Question 38

Describe the shape and location of the uterus.

Answer 38

Pear-shaped, thick-walled, muscular organ in the pelvic cavity ## Footnote Positioned anterosuperiorly across the urinary bladder.

Question 39

What are the functions of the uterus?

Answer 39

Site of implantation, supports and protects the developing embryo/fetus, ejects the fetus during labour ## Footnote These functions are vital for reproduction.

Question 40

List the four regions of the uterus.

Answer 40

* Fundus * Body * Isthmus * Cervix ## Footnote Each region has distinct anatomical and functional roles.

Question 41

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Answer 41

* Perimetrium * Myometrium * Endometrium ## Footnote Each layer has unique characteristics and functions.

Question 42

What is the perimetrium?

Answer 42

Outermost layer of the uterine wall, composed of serosa ## Footnote It provides an outer protective covering.

Question 43

What is the myometrium?

Answer 43

Thick, middle layer of the uterine wall composed of smooth muscle ## Footnote It is responsible for uterine contractions.

Question 44

What comprises the endometrium?

Answer 44

Mucosa of simple columnar epithelium and underlying lamina propria with uterine glands ## Footnote This layer is crucial for supporting pregnancy.

Question 45

What happens to the basal layer of the endometrium during the uterine cycle?

Answer 45

Undergoes little change ## Footnote It remains intact to regenerate the functional layer.

Question 46

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

Answer 46

The layer that changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed as menses if fertilization does not occur ## Footnote This layer is vital for the menstrual cycle.