CDM Exam

Question 1

What is a quasi experiment?

Answer 1

Looking into a relationship but lacking the controls to be a Randomised Control Trial

Includes 2 baseline groups, one with an intervention and one without

Question 2

What is an analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA)

Answer 2

Comparing the means of 3 or more varaibles

Question 3

What is a chi-squared test?

Answer 3

Looks at the relationship between categorical data

Question 4

What is a correlational study?

Answer 4

Looks at the relationship between continuous data

Question 5

What is a linear mixed model?

Answer 5

Understanding the changes/ growth of variables over time

Question 6

What is the purpose of a p-value?

Answer 6

A score of 0.05 p-value suggests there’s a <5% likelihood it is down to chance

Question 7

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 7

A range of intervals that likely include the true effect of something- a wider interval suggests less reliability/validity

Question 8

What is standard deviation?

Answer 8

How data is spread/ used to compare data sets

Question 9

What is standard error?

Answer 9

How the population mean may vary from the sample mean

Question 10

What is a randomised control trial?

Answer 10

Have a comparative group and a control group to show the cause and effect

Question 11

What is a clinical trial?

Answer 11

No random allocation, analytical cohort study
Intervention offered

Question 12

What is an observational study?

Answer 12

Cohort study including case study, cross-sectional study

Question 13

What is a control study?

Answer 13

No random allocation
No intervention offered

Question 14

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 14

Compares different outcomes during follow-ups over a long period.
Measures incidence

Question 15

What is PICO

Answer 15

Population/ Problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

(how to do a systemic literature review)

Question 16

What is phenomenology?

Answer 16

understanding a person’s lived experiences

Question 17

What is a case study?

Answer 17

An in-depth examination to understand the how of complex situations

Question 18

What is a narrative?

Answer 18

Describing situations through experience/ stories

Question 19

What is an ethnography?

Answer 19

Understanding the behaviours of a culture/ group

Question 20

What is a grounded theory study?

Answer 20

Systemically collecting data to understand a social process

Question 21

What is action research?

Answer 21

Solving problems to increase effectiveness in incorporating change

Question 22

What are the criteria of qualitative research?

Answer 22

Credibility: Is everyone talking about the same event
Transferability: Can the data be transferred to different settings
Dependability: How transparent was the decision-making process

Question 23

What are the criteria for quantitative research?

Answer 23

Internal validity: Does the result investigate the dependent variable
External Validity: can the data be generalised
Reliability: How consistent was the methodology
Objectivity

Question 24

What are extraneous variables?

Answer 24

Variables that you’re not inentionally studying have an impact on the DV

Question 25

What is a cofounding variable?

Answer 25

An unintentional impact on the IV and DV

Question 26

Internal validity

Answer 26

how well was the study done

Question 27

external validity

Answer 27

can the findings be generalised

Question 28

construct validity

Answer 28

is it measuring only what it needs to measure

Question 29

face validity

Answer 29

does is measure with appropriate methodology

Question 30

content validity

Answer 30

is the measurement comprehensive

Question 31

criterion validity

Answer 31

how accurately is it measured

Question 32

intER rater reliability

Answer 32

is the measurement objective

Question 33

intRA rater reliability

Answer 33

how consistent are the results

Question 34

a parameter

Answer 34

the mean of a population

Question 35

simple random sampling

Answer 35

assigning people numbers and randomly picking them

Question 36

stratified random sampling

Answer 36

breaking a sample into demographics and randomly picking from those groups

Question 37

random cluster sampling

Answer 37

when the sample is spread out and randomly picked from areas

Question 38

revise the research process

Question 39

clinical expertise

Answer 39

evidence-based practice suited for the patient

Question 40

clinical experience

Answer 40

clinical practice based on past experiences

Question 41

Human Rights Act

Answer 41

1966 the freedom that humans should be entitled to

Question 42

critiques of human rights

Answer 42

individualistic (selfish??) takes away responsibility

Question 43

duty of candour

Answer 43

taking responsibility and accountability for any mistakes made

Question 44

fiduciary responsibility

Answer 44

duty of care, loyalty, good faith, confidentiality

Question 45

students duty of care

Answer 45

no professional duty (not with nmc yet) but have a moral duty

Question 46

negligence

Answer 46

failure to provide adequate care

Question 47

Registered nurses duty of care

Answer 47

required to help where you have the skills/ competency regardless of the location

Question 48

types of consent

Answer 48

- informal - voluntary - implied - oral - written

Question 49

responsibilities in decision making

Answer 49

- encourage participation - avoid restricting rights/ discrimination - assess the chance of regaining capacity

Question 50

beauchamp and childress ethical considerations

Answer 50

non-maleficence: preventing harm (by actively stopping something) beneficence: acting for the patients benefit (by actively doing something) autonomy: what the patient wants justice: whats fair

Question 51

best interest

Answer 51

when a pt is unconscious or incapacitated, you still have a duty of care to help them

Question 52

what is a dols

Answer 52

Deprivation of Liberty Safeguard is where you restrict a patient who doesn't have the capacity to consent to treatment to keep them safe

Question 53

Gillick competence

Answer 53

a child under the age of 16 can consent to treatment if they fully understand the medical treatment and any implications that might arise from it

Question 54

Fraser Guidelines

Answer 54

relates to under 16's getting contraception/ sexual health advice if: - cannot be persuaded to inform parents - likely to be sexually active without contraception - understands the advice given - mh or ph likely to suffer without - in best interest to get advice without parental support

Question 55

assessing capacity?

Answer 55

mental capacity act 2005

Question 56

power of attorney

Answer 56

can make decisions related to health or finances for someone else (n/a to treatment under MHA 2007)

Question 57

freedom of information

Answer 57

patients have the right to their notes/ clinical documentation