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CDS Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Pumps blood to organ systems (systemic)

A

Left Ventricle

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2
Q

The Heart Wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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3
Q

Receives systemic blood

A

Right atrium

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4
Q

To and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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5
Q

To and from the rest of the body.

A

Systemic Circuit

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6
Q

Carry oxygenated blood away from heart and carry it to the capillaries

A

Arteries

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7
Q

Microscopic vessels where exchange between cells and blood takes place

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Deep groove that marks boundary of atria and ventricles

A

Coronary Sulcus

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9
Q

Receive oxygenated blood from capillaries and carry it back to the heart

A

Veins

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10
Q

Two Sets of Pumping Chambers in Heart

A

Left and Right Atrium

Left and Right Ventricles

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12
Q

Pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary)

A

Right Ventricle

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12
Q

Two layers of Pericardial Cavity

A 
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Parietal pericardium
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13
Q

Internal Anatomy and Organization

A
  • Interatrial septum
  • Interventricular septum
  • Atrioventricular valves
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14
Q

Covers heart surface

A

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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16
Q

Heart Pumps Blood into Two Circuits in Sequence

A

Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit

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17
Q

Surfaces Features of the Heart

A
  • Auricle
  • Coronary Sulcus
  • Anterior Ventricular Sulcus
  • Posterior Ventricular Sulcus
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18
Q

Receives blood from lungs

A

Left Atrium

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19
Q

Outer portion of atrium

A

Auricle

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20
Q
  • Middle layer

- Thick Muscle Layer

A

Myocardium

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21
Q
  • Outermost layer of the heart wall

- Serous membrane

A

Epicardium or Visceral pericardium

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22
Q

Lines pericardial sac that surrounds heart

A

Parietal pericardium.

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23
Q

Three Kinds of Blood Vessel

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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23
Q
  • Surrounds the heart
  • It is lined by pericardium
  • Has Two layers
A

Pericardial Cavity

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24
Q

supports valves and muscle cells

A

Fibrous Skeleton

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25
- Located between atrium and ventricle | - Ensure one-way flow from atrium to ventricle
Atrioventricular valves
27
- Mark boundary between left and right ventricles - Sulci contain major cardiac blood vessels - Filled with protective fat
Posterior Ventricular Sulcus
27
contain major cardiac blood vessels
Sulci
27
- Inner lining of pumping chambers | - Continuous with endothelium
Endocardium
29
Separates atria
Interatrial septum
30
Blood Flow in the heart
• Superior and inferior venae cavae o Large veins carry systemic blood to right atrium • Right atrium sends blood to right ventricle o Flows through right AV valve  Bounded by three cusps (tricuspid valve)  Cusps anchored by chordae tendinae  Chordae attached to papillary muscles • Right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary semilunar valve o Enters pulmonary trunk o Flows to lungs through right, left pulmonary arteries where it picks up oxygen • Pulmonary veins carry blood to left atrium • Left atrium sends blood to left ventricle o Enters through left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral) • Left ventricle pumps blood to aorta o Through aortic semilunar valve to systems
31
• The left ventricle’s greater workload makes it more _______than the right, but the two pump equal amounts of blood.
massive
32
It is much thicker than right ventricular myocardium
Left ventricular myocardium
34
prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria
AV valves
35
The 4 chambers of heart
* Right Atrium * Right Ventricle (with the pulmonary circuit) * Left Atrium * Left Ventricle (with the systemic circuit)
36
prevent backflow from the outflow vessels into the ventricles.
Semilunar valves
37
Cardiac Muscle Cells
• Shorter than skeletal muscle fibers • Have single nucleus • Have striations (sarcomere organization) • Depend on aerobic metabolism • Connected by intercalated discs o Desmosomes transmit tension o Gap junctions transmit action potential
38
meets heavy demands of myocardium for oxygen, nutrients
Coronary circulation
39
Separates ventricles
Interventricular septum
39
ensure one-way flow of blood
Valves
40
Provide the pumping action
Contractile cells
41
branch from aorta base
Coronary arteries (right, left)
42
ensure constant blood supply
Anastomoses (arterial interconnections)
43
Drainage is to
Right atrium - Great, middle cardiac veins drain capillaries - Empty into coronary sinus
44
Two types of cardiac cells
- Contractile cells | - Cells of the Conducting System
45
• A recording of the electrical activity of the heart
The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
46
Valves prevent backward flow called
Regurgitation
46
Differences between Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Cells
• Cardiac action potential has long plateau phase • Cardiac muscle has long, slow twitch • Cardiac muscle has long refractory period o Can’t be tetanized
47
Initiates and spreads electrical impulses in heart
Conducting system
49
Factors Controlling Cardiac Output
``` • Blood volume reflexes • Autonomic innervation o Heart rate effects o Stroke volume effects • Hormones ```
50
Two types of cells in conducting system
Nodal cells and Conducting cells
51
Heart is
• Heart is self-exciting o Pacemaker cells establish heart rate -Normal pacemaker is sinoatrial (SA) node. o Impulse spreads from SA node: - Across atria - To atrioventricular (AV) node. - To AV bundle and bundle branches - Via Purkinje fibers to ventricles
52
Two phases in cardiac cycle
Systole | Diastole
53
Distributes stimuli to myocardium.
Conducting cells
54
Generated by closing of valves Indicate start/stop of systole Heard with stethoscope
Heart sounds
55
Ventricular repolarization
T wave
56
Generate and spread the action potential.
Cells of the Conducing System
57
o Releases norepinephrine (NE) | o Raises heart rate and stroke volume
Sympathetic innervation
58
Atrial depolarization
-P wave
59
Ventricular depolarization
-QRS complex
60
- Pacemaker cells - Reach threshold first - Set heart rate
Nodal cells
61
Movements and forces generated during cardiac contraction
Heart Dynamics
62
The heart rate is established by the _____, as modified by autonomic activity, hormones, ions, etc.
SA node
64
Three main components of electrocardiogram
- P wave - QRS complex - T wave
65
Amount of blood pumped each minute.
Cardiac Output
66
Relaxation phase
Diastole
67
o Speeds up heart rate | o Triggered by stretching wall of right atrium
Atrial Reflex
68
- Contraction phase | - Both ventricles simultaneously
Systole
69
is amount of blood entering heart
VR
70
Two main heart sounds
o First sound (lubb) -Closing of AV valve o Second sound (dupp) -Closing of aortic valve
71
Autonomic Control of the Heart
- Parasympathetic innervation | - Sympathetic innervation
72
o Increase ventricular output | o Triggered by stretching wall of ventricles
Frank Starling Principle
73
• A healthy person can increase cardiac output by
three-fold to five-fold.
74
Blood Volume Reflexes
* Stimulated by changes in venous return * Atrial reflex * Frank-Starling principle
76
o Releases acetylcholine (ACh) | o Lowers heart rate and stroke volume
Parasympathetic innervation
77
CNS Control of the Heart
• Basic control in medulla oblangata o Cardioacceleratory center -Activation of sympathetic neurons o Cardioinhibitory center -Governing of parasympathetic neurons o Other inputs - Higher centers - Blood pressure sensors - Oxygen, carbon dioxide sensors
78
is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle each minute.
Cardiac Output
79
Amount of blood pumped in a single beat
Stroke Volume
80
shows the electrical events associated with the heartbeat.
ECG
80
• Stimulated by changes in venous return
Blood Volume Reflex
80
Hormone effects on Cardiac Output
• Adrenal medulla hormones o Epinephrine, norepinephrine released o Heart rate and stroke volume increased • Other hormones that increase output o Thyroid hormones o Glucagon

HAP LEC (2 decks)

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