CDs Flashcards
Contract Sum
As stated in the Owner-Contractor Agreement, this is the total amount payable by the owner to the contractor. It is the payment for the performance of the work done under the requirements of the contract documents.
What are the owner’s obligations to the contractor?
- Furnish evidence of the necessary funds to complete the project
- Pay for necessary approvals, assessments, etc. (except permits and fees)
- Provide legal descriptions and site surveys including utility locations and easements
- Provide copies of the necessary drawings for the execution of the construction
According to the AIA Document A2.01-2007, and architect’s periodic site visits during construction are considered:
A. supervisions
B inspections
C. observations
D. examinations
(C) observations
Other than the two required inspections of a project, the architect’s site visits are an observation of the project. The architect may visit the site several times in an effort to become familiar with the process. This allows the architect to keep the owner informed of progress, protect the owner against any deficiencies, and see that the construction is in accordance with the contract documents
Construction cost included all of the following except:
A. Labor
B. Contingencies
C. Surveys
D. Contractor Fees
(C) surveys
Construction costs excludes the fees for professional services, for example, architect fees and surveys, as well as other budget items that are the responsibility of the owner such as land costs and financing.
In a typical project manual, what compromises the contract forms?
- The Owner- Contractor Agreement
- The Performance Bond
- A Payment Bond
- A Certificate of Insurance
According to the AIA General Conditions, what are the architect’s responsibilities regarding shop drawings?
They are responsible for the timely review and approval of shop drawings. Their approval verifies the shop drawing’s conformance with the design intent of the contract documents. Their review is not intended to determine the accuracy of dimensions, quantities, or completeness of information and does not constitute approval of any safety precautions or construction methods.
They may request that the contractor revise and resubmit shop drawings. Records of these and other submittals should be maintained to avoid possible claims.
During the bid phase, a bidder finds two different details for the same connection. What is the correct course of action?
A. Provide a bid price for the less expensive detail
B. Provide a contingency allowance
C. Notify the architect
D. Increase the bid to cover both options
(C) notify the architect
The discrepancy should be brought to the attention of the architect in writing. The architect should interpret the conflict and determine which detail is appropriate. Then the architect should issue an addendum to all bidders for clarification. This will allow contractors to bid more accurately.
During a site visit an architect observes an unsafe condition in the execution of construction. What course of action should the architect take?
The architect should notify the contractor of the condition immediately and, if necessary, follow up by including the observation in a field report. It is the contractor’s responsibility to maintain site safety. Therefore, the architect should not make corrective suggestions or recommendations regarding construction means and techniques. In the event of an accident these recommendations could result in the architect’s exposure to liability.
With regard to the owner, what is the architect’s role in the bidding process?
During the construction documents phase, the architect is required to assist the owner in the preparation of the bidding documents and requirements. Other obligations of the architect include assisting the owner in:
- Compiling a list of prospective bidders or contractors
- Obtaining competitive bids or negotiated proposals
- Preparing a awarding contracts for construction
- Evaluation of the successful bid proposal
Labor often compromises what percentage of the construction cost?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
(C) 50%
Labor costs account for a substantial portion of the construction cost, often as much as 50% or more. Therefore, the architect should endeavor to minimize the amount of on-site labor. The use of repetitive elements or prefabricated components are two methods used to speed construction and reduce labor costs.
Define Fast Track
A type of delivery scheduling that attempts to decrease the total project time by overlapping the design and construction phases. In these projects contracts are awarded to different contractors in stages, as the design is completed.
For example, work on the foundation can begin while the architect completes the design details for mechanical systems.
Define Master Format
The standard outline of construction materials and components developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). The format, including the 16 primary divisions, were revised in 2004 and forms the basics by which the building trades organize information.
For example, information regarding door hardware or window frames can be found in division 08, Openings.
A list of subcontractors and a list of material substitutions will typically be found in which part of the construction documents?
These supplements to the bid forms will be found in the bidding requirements portion of the project manual.
What are the characteristics of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing drawings?
The drawings and schedules prepared by these consultants contain information regarding the systems themselves, such as equipment dimensions and the sizes of the ducts or pipes. They are diagrammatic as a rule and do not contain complete dimensional information relating the systems to the physical conditions. The exact location of many of these components may be determined in the field by the contractor. Therefore it is imperative that the architect coordinate the work of the consultants with the architectural working drawings.
Arbitration
Widely used in the construction industry, it is a method of dispute resolution between project participants that does not involve litigation. In this process, claims from both parties are submitted to a mutually acceptable arbitrator. These proceedings are conducted under the rules of the American Arbitration Association. The award is final and binding and may be enforced by the courts. It is usually quicker and less expensive than litigation. It is private and does not become part of the public record.
Gradient Ratio
A term used to describe a slope. Although the formula for percentage of slope is solved using d/L (rise over run), this term is usually expressed as a ratio between the horizontal distance (run) and the vertical rise (or fall) of a grade. For example, 5:1 designates five feet of run to a one foot change in vertical height. 5:1 or 1/5 = .20 or 20%
Multiple Prime Contract
This is an approach where an owner contracts separately with more than one contractor for the major portions of a job, such as the mechanical or plumbing work. This can be difficult to coordinate and may require the services of a construction manager.
The most common form of owner contractor agreement is the Single Prime Contract where one contractor is responsible to the owner for the entire project.
Fixed Fee
A method of compensation for professional or construction services based on a lump-sum amount for a particular scope of service. Convenient when services can be accurately defined. A contingency should be included to cover the risk that costs may exceed the budget on which the fee is based.
Also called a Stipulated Sum Agreement (see AIA Document A101-2007). Reimbursable services such as postage and reproductions are usually in addition to the contract sum. This method of compensation is more common than cost plus fee.
Application for Payment
These itemized requests for payment are made by the contractor and submitted to the architect at specific intervals during a project. These periodic payments by the owner are called progress payments and are for the completed portion of the work including materials and equipment stored on and off site if approved by the owner. They are to be submitted at least 10 days prior to the date established by the schedule of values.
Prior to payment the architect reviews the contractor’s request, and if approved, issues a certificate for payment to the owner.
When is the use of mock-ups appropriate?
This is the process of modeling an object or building component, to scale or full size, for the purpose of studying or clarifying construction details, aesthetics, scale, or testing performance. It is useful when an innovative detail is specified and the additional time and cost of preparing the model outweighs the potential cost of unforeseen problems.
Methods of settling conflicts between the contracted parties in a construction project other than litigation are commonly referred to as:
A. AAA
B. CMR
C. MMP
D. ADR
ADR, Litigation is costly, time consuming, and part of the public record. As a result, the construction industry has developed Alternative Dispute Resolution. These methods allow for the resolution of disputes without legal intervention. If methods such as direct negotiation and architect as arbitrator have failed, the two basic means of ADR are:
Mediation: A mediator empowers the participants to resolve the dispute themselves yet has no power to force a resolution
Arbitration: A mutually acceptable arbitrator, knowledgeable in the construction industry, will hear arguments, evidence, etc. prior to rendering a legally binding decision.
Since each successive step in dispute resolution represents an increase in the necessary investment of time and money, it is important to prevent disputes. After disputes occur, they should be resolved at the lowest level. As a last resort, binding adjudication should be employed.
How much time does an architect have to process shop drawings submitted by the contractor?
With regard to submittals, the architect is expected to; review and approve, or take other action with “reasonable promptness,” according to the AIA General Conditions. This allows sufficient time for architectural review without causing a delay in the progress of the project. The exact amount of time is not specified but 10 working days is common. (see AIA Document A201-2007)
The statement issued by the contractor, that describes the portions of the Contract Sum that are allocated to the various parts of the project, is called a:
A. Critical Path Allotment
B. Certificate of Itemization
C. Task Breakdown
D. Schedule of Values
Schedule of Values: This schedule, furnished to the architect prior to the first application for payment, is issued as the basis by which the architect reviews the contractor’s application, approves progress payments, and issues certificates for payment to the owner.
Closed Specifications
Also called Prescriptive, Base Bid, or Proprietary Specifications, where specific products or processes are stipulated without provision for substitution.
Open Specifications
Often used for public projects to ensure competitive bidding, it allows the contractor to substitute products of equal quality and performance if approved by the architect.
Performance Specifications
A type of Open Specification that sets criteria and defines the results required of the assembly, component, or device being specified.
Cash Allowance Specifications
Establishes a dollar amount allocated for each item in the specification
Reference Standard Specifications
A type of Performance Specification where items specified must meet certain requirements set by an accepted authority or test method such as, (UL) Underwriter’s Laboratories, (ASTM) American Society for Testing and Materials or (ANSI) American National Standards Institute
Describe the role of a Construction Manager (CM)
A key figure in the construction management project delivery method. A CM is added to the traditional architect, owner, and contractor team. The CM is hired by the owner, usually for complex or fast-track projects where there are critical budget or scheduling issues or when an owner requires detailed construction and technical advice. CM services may be provided by architects, contractors, designers, as well as other professionals. The construction manager may assume one of three roles:
CM-Advisor: the CM advises the owner regarding constructability and budget issues during the design and construction process and assists the owner in contractor selection but does not act as builder.
CM-Agent: The owner hires the CM first. The CM assumes financial authority and manages the entire project, through construction, on behalf of the owner.
CM-Constructor: Hired by the owner when design is 30% complete. The CM advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project, usually for a Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) based on design documents at the end of design development.
How many times must the architect inspect a project?
A. One time
B. Two times
C. Three Times
D. Continuously during construction
(B) Two Times
The architect will visit the site at appropriate stages throughout the course of construction to determine if the work is being completed in manner that, when completed, will be in accordance with the Contract Documents. However, According to AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions of the contract for Construction, the architect is normally required to make only two on-site inspections of a project. The first, to determine the date of substantial completion and the second is to determine final completion.
How do local laws impact AIA Document A201-2007?
They supersede the General Conditions for the Contract for Construction. Contract documents may require modification to comply. When necessary, they should be identified in the special conditions of the contract.
A contractor submits a bid price for the cost of construction that shows a numerical figure of $56,000 and a written figure of sixty-five thousand. What are the ramifications of this inconsistency?
A contractor’s bid shows the cost of construction represented as both numbers and words. If there is any discrepancy between them, the written word takes precedent over the numbers.
Dimensional Tolerances
This is typically dependent upon the level of detailing or specifications in the construction documents. For example; ¼” out of plumb may be acceptable for a wall panel 9’-6” high. Millwork is generally about 1/64 inch while poured concrete may be 2” or more.
At what point during the standard phases of an architect’s schedule is a structural system proposed to the owner?
The use of a specific structural system would most likely be introduced during the design development phase of the schedule.
After the Contract for Construction has been executed, define substitution.
A request by the contractor to use a material, product or system, other than the one specified. This does not necessarily require a change order. However, the architect will review the formal request by the contractor, evaluate the replacement material, and may be entitled to additional compensation if the revisions to the drawings and specifications is significant.
On a renovation project, the architect is responsible to verify the accuracy of any existing drawings. How can the architect determine if a room is “square”?
Measure the length of each wall. Then take both diagonal measurements. If opposite wall lengths are equal and both diagonal measurements are equal, the walls are perpendicular.
To measure wall length accurately, measure a convenient dimension from one end of the wall and mark a line. Then measure from the opposite end of the wall to the line and add the dimensions together. This will reduce the inaccuracies that result from reading a tape measure that is bent into a corner.
What is the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and describe the MasterFormat.
CSI is an association that provides technical information, products and organizational systems for the construction industry.
The MasterFormat is the CSI standard for organizing specifications. It includes a list of titles and numbers for organizing information regarding construction requirements, products and activities. This standardized information facilitates communication between the participants in a construction project.
In order to address the ever-evolving construction industry, the MasterFormat, was last revised in 2010 with additional revisions expected in the future.
A 6-digit number system is used. For example 03 47 13
Where:
03 = division number or level one – Concrete
47 = level two – Site-Cast Concrete
13 = level three – Tilt-Up Concrete
Certificate for Payment
A statement from the architect to the owner verifying the amount of money due to the contractor for accomplished work. By issuing this statement the architect confirms that the work noted on the contractor’s Application for Payment has progressed according to the schedule of values, is in accordance with the contract documents, and that the contractor is entitled to payment from the owner.
Upon receipt of the Application for Payment, the architect has seven days to either, approve the contractor’s request and issue this statement to the owner, or contact the owner and contractor with the reason for withholding approval. (see AIA Document A201-2007)
Upon completion and distribution, the copyright on an architect’s drawings belongs to:
A. the owner
B. the architect
C. the contractor
D. the local governing agency
The architect: All drawings, specifications, and documents, including those in electronic form, that have been prepared by the architect will remain the copyrighted property of the architect. These documents are considered instruments of service. They may not be used for other projects, or additions to the project for which they were prepared, without the written permission of the owner and architect.
What is the architect’s authority regarding a contractors use of non-union labor in the construction of a project?
Although non-union workers may charge a lower labor rate, an architect has no authority over the contractor’s selection of his work force.
Construction work is usually organized and coordinated according to trade union rules and at the discretion of the contractor.
Define Unit Price
A contract or a bid amount, based on a definable measure such as the price per square foot of sheet rock or cubic yard of concrete. It is used on projects when it is difficult to determine the exact quantity of materials or equipment at the time of bidding and negotiation of the construction contract.
Unit cost, however, is a method of construction-cost estimating done by the architect during programming and pre-design.
Substantial Completion
This is the date in the progress of the project when it is sufficiently complete, according to the contract documents, and the owner may occupy all or a portion of the project for its intended use.
Typically, this is the date used for the certificate of occupancy. It is established when the architect, contractor and owner sign the Certificate of Substantial Completion (AIA Document G704-2000)
Warranties generally become active on this date, the final application for payment is processed, and the contractor is due the contract sum, less the value of the unfinished work. At final completion the contractor receives the final payment.
Which project phase usually requires the most amount of time?
Construction Documents Phase: This phase takes the most time for two reasons. First, the final drawings must be accurate, specifying every detail necessary to build the project as designed. Because construction bids are based on these drawings, inconsistencies and lack of information can lead to costly alterations.
Second, the architect is also responsible to assist the owner in construction preparation by establishing bidding requirements and contract conditions, and by developing the contract forms. The development of these documents to the degree necessary to protect the architect from legal conflict makes CD’s the most time consuming phase of a project.
Shop Drawings
Drawings, diagrams, schedules and other data required by the contract documents, prepared and supplied by a contractor, subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier, etc., and meant to illustrate a specific method of installation or fabrication for some portion of the project. They are meant to demonstrate the way in which the contractor proposes to provide the work. They are not considered contract documents. This information is reviewed and approved by the contractor and submitted to the architect for approval. (see AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction)
An architect suspects that a portion of some construction has not been done in compliance with the contract documents and requests that the owner have some testing done. The test results show that the work is in compliance with the requirements of the contract documents. Who is responsible to pay for the testing?
A. the contractor
B. the owner
C. the architect
D. the subcontractor responsible for the work in question
(B) The Owner
In this case, the owner is also responsible to pay for any work required to restore the construction to its pre-test condition. If, however, the tests prove that the work does not comply with the requirements of the contract documents then the contractor is responsible for the cost of testing as well as any repairs.
Under certain circumstances, an owner may occupy a project prior to substantial completion. To do so, the owner needs the consent of each of the following except:
A. the architect
B. the owner’s insurance company
C. the local building authorities
D. the contractor
(A) The Architect
Although it is the architect who determines the point of substantial completion, an owner may occupy all or a portion of an unfinished project for its intended use provided that:
- The owner has the consent of the insurance company that is providing property insurance
- The owner has received a Certificate of Occupancy from the local building authorities.
- The owner and contractor have agreed, in writing, to their responsibilities regarding payments, maintenance, heat, utilities, etc. as well as the one-year correction period and the commencement of warranties.
When does the architect have the authority to order an aesthetic design change that will add two weeks to the construction time?
A. With the owner’s verbal approval of the changes.
B. With the contractors approval in writing.
C. Any time during the construction administration phase.
D. Upon completion of a change order.
(D) Upon completion of a change order
The architect may order changes affecting the contract time or contract sum only with the consent of the owner in the form of a construction change directive, or with the additional consent of the contractor in a change order.
A101-2007
Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor where the basis of payment is a Stipulated Sum (fixed price). To be used in conjunction with AIA Document A201-2007
A201-2007
General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. It defines the relationships, responsibilities and rights of the owner, contractor, and architect. Used as a reference for other documents such as the owner-contactor or owner-architect agreement.
B727-1988
Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Architect for Special Services, such as planning or feasibility studies, that do not follow the standard phasing sequence of services found in Document B101-2007
G702-1992
Application and Certificate for Payment. With this document the contractor can apply for payment and the architect can certify that payment is due. This combined form is meant to expedite the payment process.
G711-1972
Architect’s Field Report. A standard form for the architect or field representative to record and maintain concise records of site visits and construction activities.
What is the main purpose of building codes?
While they do define minimum required standards and promote quality performance in the construction industry, the main purpose is to protect the health and safety of the public.
Retainage
A sum withheld from the progress payments to the contractor (usually 10%). These funds are places into an interest earning escrow account by the owner. They are later paid to the contractor upon issuance of the final certificate of payment. It is a method of compensating the contractor for money earned but not yet made available for the contractor’s use (AIA A503-2007).
Before the owner will release the final payment to the contractor, an affadavit of liens is required. This protects the owner against liens or claims made by subcontractors for money due to that party by the contractor.
What is the essential difference between the Design- Build and Design-Bid-Build approaches to project delivery?
Design-build: The responsibility for both design and construction is combined. The owner has only one contract, with the designer/builder. All sub-contracts are made with the designer/builder.
Design-bid-build: The owner has contracts with atleast two entities, the architects and the builder. The architect is contracted to develop a set of construction documents. These are used to select bidders, establish a price for construction and administer a construction contract for the owner. The builder is responsible for construction.
The Final Certificate of Payment may be issued after the contractor accomplishes what task?
Upon the contractor’s completion of the work outlines in the punch list, the architect may issue the final certificate of payment to the contractor.
With regard to the Project Delivery, define Construction Management (CM).
This is one of the three main methods of project delivery. Under a CM approach an owner hires a construction manager in addition to an architect and a contractor, usually on a complex fast-track project. They provide budget, scheduling, construction and technical expertise and work with the architect.
- CM-Advisor: advises the owner on budget and constructability issues
- CM-Agent: manages the entire project on behalf of the owner
- CM-Constructor: hired at 30% design completion. Advises the owner prior to construction and then builds the project.
The process of establishing and accounting for the cost of construction items and systems for the estimated useful existence of a building is an analysis of the ___________.
A. replacement cost approach
B. life-cycle cost
C. maintenance management index
D. initial cost
(B) life-cycle cost
This is the initial operational cost of a building component or system during the estimated useful life span of a building. It includes maintenance costs, taxes, financing, fuel consumption, replacements, and renovation and is used to analyze the tradeoffs between initial and long term costs. These costs can be projected over time and compared to determine the most economical approach.
When is the architect the final arbitrator?
In a construction project the architect is the final arbitrator with regard to only artistic effect.
The architect can be the initial decision-maker in disputes between an owner and contractor. Although under the standard AIA documents the architect serves as the owner’s representative, the architect also serves as an impartial interpreter of the requirements of the contract documents. Because of the potential conflict of interest, the owner or contractor may choose another method of dispute resolution, such as a dispute-review board, mediation, arbitration, or litigation.
Project Closeout
Defined according to the requirements of contract documents; final inspections, final payments, submittal of documentation, and acceptance of the construction project. As the project comes to an end, it is necessary for the architect to finalize outstanding billing, collections, project files, and create the project archive,