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CEDO - From Cinde Manual > CEDO - Cinde Manual > Flashcards

CEDO - Cinde Manual Flashcards

1
Q

The monitoring of Thermoluminescent (TLD) or Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dosimeter badges are monitored by

A

NDR/NDS Health and Welfare Canada

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2
Q

How often are TLD/OSL badges issued

A

Bi-Monthly

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3
Q

The report sheet for radiation doses received show the

A

Previous 2 week period of the personal radiation dose received and the life time total for the individual

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4
Q

Who discovered X-Rays

A

Wilhelm Roentgen 1895

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5
Q

Who discovered penetrating radiation

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

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6
Q

Who discovered natural radioactivity

A

Henri Becquerel 1896

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7
Q

Radiation can be either

A

High speed particles or energy travelling in Electromagnetic Waves

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8
Q

What is the main difference between the different forms of electromagnetic energy

A

Their frequency and wavelength

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9
Q

The primary part of an Atom

A

Proton: heavy +1 charge

Neutron: heavy, no electrical charge

Electron: light, orbit in shells around nucleus, -1 charge

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10
Q

The shells of an electron are lettered ______?

A

K-Q

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11
Q

Atomic number is the number of protons located in the nucleus and is represented by what letter

A

Z

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12
Q

Mass Number are the total protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and is represented by what letter

A

A

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13
Q

To determine the number of neutrons in a nucleus use the formula

A

N = A-Z
Atomic number - Mass Number
= Neutrons

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14
Q

What is an Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element but with different mass numbers, with the chemical characteristics remaining the same.

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15
Q

Why are some Isotopes radioactive or unstable

A

Some isotopes have too many or too few neutrons in the nucleus and attempt to reach a stable ratio

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16
Q

How does an isotope attempt to reach a stable ratio of neutrons and protons

A

Emitting either alpha or beta particles of either sign, capture orbital electrons, or emit gamma radiation

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17
Q

What is a X Radiation

A

Transfer of energy between the high speed interaction of electrons and a dense target material
Can be controlled

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18
Q

What is Gamma Radiation

A

Emitted from an unstable atom and cannot be controlled

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19
Q

Artificial Production of radioisotope are produced in three ways

A

Neutron activation,
Fission product separation,
Charged particle production

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20
Q

What is an Ion

A

Any atom or molecule which has a resultant electric charge due to loss or gain of a valence electron
(electrons that orbit near the outer shell of the atom)

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21
Q

When almost completely ionized gases form a fourth state of matter known as

A

plasma

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22
Q

Free electrons are sometimes loosely classified as

A

Negative ions

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23
Q

How are Ion Pairs formed

A

A neutral atom or molecule by the action of radiation or any other agency that supplies energy.
Consisting of a positive and negative ion, having charges of the same magnitude.

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24
Q

What is the process of Ionization

A

Adding electrons to or removing electrons from atoms or molecules
X and gamma radiation are ionizing radiation

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25
Q

Ionizing action of x-rays produce what effects

A

Causes certain materials to fluoresce,

Produce chemical effects,

Cause biological effects such as the deterioration or destruction of living cells,

When a gas is bombarded by radiation it ionizes and becomes an electrical conductor ( principle of ionization sectors)

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26
Q

What are the properties of x and gamma radiation

A

They travel in straight lines ( rectilinear propagation)
They are not effected by electrical or magnetic fields
They cannot he focused
They will affect photographic emulsions (chemical)
They can damage or even kill living cells, produce burns and changes to the blood or blood forming organs ( physiological)
They cannot be detected by normal human senses

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27
Q

What is Radioactivity

A

Unstable atoms are radioactive. The nuclei change or decay by spitting out radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves

Radioactivity is an element being unstable to due to excess energy

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28
Q

What is an Alpha Particle (a)

A

Large and slow moving particles. Causes many ionization along a short path and it’s energy is stopped in a short distance
Can not penetrate the dead layer of skin or piece of paper
Hazard when ingested or inhaled

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29
Q

What is a Beta Particle (B)

A

Light and high velocity, nuclear origin with an electrical charge of -1
Deflected and scattered
Absorbed by few mm’s of aluminum
Travel several hundred cm’s in air before losing energy

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30
Q

What is Neutron Radiation

A

Same mass as a proton but no electrical charge
Rare but very penetrating
Shielding is water or hydrogenous material

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31
Q

What are Gamma Rays

A

Electromagnetic radiation with very high energy
Can travel up to 100M in air or further and is highly penetrating and ionizing
Most hazardous
Stopped by Lead

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32
Q

What is an industrial Isotope

A

Radioactive material ( radioisotopes) contained in a stainless steel capsule and used for NDT
Co60
IR 192
Se75

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33
Q

What are the parts of the sealed source assembly (Pig Tail)

A

Female portion of connector

Stop Ball

Flexible Steel Cable

Stainless steel capsule containing radioactive material

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34
Q

What are the organizations that selects and defines units and quantities of radiation

A

International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements in conjunction with International Commission of Radiological Protection

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35
Q

One gram of radium undergoes _______ transformations of disintegration’s per second

Use Curie

A

3.7 x 10(10) or 37,000,000,000

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36
Q

How is the activity of a radioactive isotope determined

A

By the number of atoms of the material which will decay (disintegrate) in a given period of time

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37
Q

In the SI units the ___ is the unit of radioactivity

A 
Becquerel
One Bq is equal to 1 disintegration per second (dps)
1MBq - 27 microcuries 
1GBq - 27 millicuries
37GBq - 1 curie 
1 TBq - 27 curies
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38
Q

What is Specific Activity

A

The degree of concentration of radioactive material within the gamma source

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39
Q

How is Specific Activity measured

A

OLD - curies per gram

NEW - Becquerels per gram

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40
Q

Why is Specific Activity important to a radiographer

A

A high specific activity will yield sharper radiographs

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41
Q

What is Characteristic intensity

A

A disintegration in a radioactive source does not necessarily result in the same amount of radiation emission

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42
Q

How is Characteristic a intensity a measured

A

Roentgens per hour at one metre
Measure of radiation emission of a given period of time
R/hr @1m

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43
Q

What are the Becquerel measurements

A 
1 Bq - 1 dps
1kBq - 10(3)
1MBq - 10(6)
1 GBq - 10(9)
1 TBq - 10(12)
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44
Q

Characteristic Intensity a measurement

A 
OLD 
IR192
550mR/hr @ 1 metre
Co60
1350mR/h @ 1 metre
Se75
200mT/hr @ 1 metre
NEW
IR192
.15 mSv/hr @ 1 metre
Co60
.36mSv/hr @ 1 metre
Se75
.06 mSv/hr @ 1 metre
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45
Q

What is Exposure

A

The quantity of radiation incident upon an object
The quantity of electric charge produced per unit of air mass

OLD - Roentgens
NEW coulomb/kilogram (c/kg)

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46
Q

Why is Radiation Intensity

A

Energy which is absorbed by any matter placed in a radiation beam

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47
Q

How is Radiation Intensity measured

A

Old - R/hr

New Sv/hr

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48
Q

What is Radiation Intensity also known as

A

Dose Rate

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49
Q

What does Radiation Intensity (Dose Rate) not take into account

A

Information on the type of particles or degree of damage

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50
Q

What is the Radiation Absorbed Dose

A

Quantity for considering radiation damage to living tissue

1R = 100ergs of energy

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51
Q

What is the measurement for Radiation Absorbed Dose

A

OLD - RAD
NEW - GRAY (Gy)

1 RAD = 10mGy
1 Gy = 100 RAD

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52
Q

What is Quality Factor ( Relative Biological Effectiveness RBE)

A

Reflect the relative harmfulness of the four types of radiation

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53
Q

What are the harmfulness rating for Quality Factor/ RBE

A 
Y, B and Xrays - 1
Thermal Neutrons - 3
Fast n and protons - 10
Heavy and recoil nuclei - 20
Alpha Particles - 20
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54
Q

What is Roentgen Equivalent Man or Dose Equivalent

A

CGS unit used equivalent dose,effective dose and committed dose which measure the relative biological effects in man

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55
Q

What is the measurement of REM

A

1Sv = 100 rem

REM = RAD x QF ( RBE)

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56
Q

What is Half Life

A

Length of time required for the activity of the radioisotope to decay to one half and its initial activity

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57
Q

What are the half life values for IR192, Co60, Se75

A

IR 192 74 days
Co60 5.3 years
Se 75 120 days

58
Q

What formula do you use to find the half life value

A

A2 = A1/2(n)
A1 original Activity
A2 Nee activity
N number of half lives

59
Q

What is the most important piece of equipment for a radiographer

A

Survey Meter

60
Q

What are the three most common types of Survey Meters

A

Ion Chamber
Geiger Muller CounteR
Proportional Counter

61
Q

How to Survey Meters work

A

The negative charge atoms are attracted to a positively charge plate. The positive charges are attracted to a negative plate and the movement between the two creates an electrical current which is displayed on meter

62
Q

What are Direct Reading Dosimeters (DRD)

A

A personal radiation monitoring device with an ionization chamber and displays the absorbed dose

63
Q

Advantage of a DRD

A

Robust and requires low maintenance

Small and easily clipped to clothing

Weatherproof and does not need to be protected from weather

Can be read at any time by user and gives dose immediately after exposure

64
Q

Disadvantages of DRD

A

Limited range

Does not provide permanent record

False reading if damaged

65
Q

Procedure for wearing and using DRD

A 
Charge before work
Record reading before work
Clip to trunk of body
Read dose throughout day
Record dose at end of work
66
Q

What is a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

A

Monitor both whole body and skin dose of exposure
Consists on inner plaque, when gamma rays strike the lithium fluoride strips some electrons are displaced and can be read later

67
Q

What is the Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter ( OSL)

A

Aluminium oxide stripe with laser light causing it to luminesce in proportion to amount of radiation exposure
Can be used multiple times

68
Q

What dose can the OSL detect

A

X and Y ray 10mSv to 10Sv

Beta Particle 100mSv to 10Sv

69
Q

Objectives of Dosimetry Service

A

Estimate doses received by workers in national database
Report to organizations individual doses
Draw attention to managers and government when a worker exceeds dose limit

70
Q

Procedure for wearing a TLD or OSL

A

Clip to trunk of body
Do not expose to high temps or water
If you lose or damage TLD/OSL stop work until a replacement is received
Do not expose the plaque to fluorescent light or sunlight

71
Q

Advantages of TLD/OSL

A

Sufficient range to measure background dose
Robust and does not require maintenance
Accumulates high dose
Provides permanent record

72
Q

Disadvantages of TLD/OSL

A

Must be sent away to be read

Delay in knowing dose received

73
Q

What is a Personal Alarming Dosimeter

A

Must be worn at all times and will sound an alarm if high intensities are detected
Can prevent exposure if survey meter fails to warm you
Must never be replaced with survey meter

74
Q

As CEDO you must control your own exposure as by doing

A

Use radiation safety procedures
Maintain and use gamma survey meter
Wear personal dosimeters when performing radiography work

75
Q

What are the Health Effects of Radiation Exposure

A

Prompt (Acute) Health Effects
Days, weeks or months after exposure - radiation burns or sickness

Delayed (Somatic) Health Effects radiation injury to person involved but not reproductive cells

Long Term ( Chronic) Effects appear years or generations later

Genetic Effects exposure that results in some chromosome damage thus affecting future generations

Long term genetic effect can be caused by extremely low doses and occur independently of the actual intensity

76
Q

What is the Latent Period

A

Following initial radiation event before the effects become visible

77
Q

What is Recovery Period

A

Recovering to an extent of radiation damage; however residual damage where no recovery occurs

78
Q

What are Radioresponsive Tissues

A

Blood forming Organ (bone marrow, spleen),

Sex Organs,

Other tissues liver, lens of eye

79
Q

What are Radioresistant tissues

A 
Connective tissues (tendons, ligaments),
Muscle,
Fat,
Bone,
Nerves, brain
80
Q

Factors influencing extent of Biological Damage

A 
Total amount of radiation absorbed
Type of radiation
Rate of absorption
Area exposed
Individual variability
Relative sensitivity of cells and tissue
81
Q

Types of Effects of exposure

A

Injuries to superficial tissues ( burns)

General effects on the body ( blood and blood forming organs)

induction of malignant Tumors
Impaired fertility, cataracts, reduction of lifespan

Genetic effects

Early effect of a cute whole body exposure

82
Q

What is photoelectric effect

A

Gamma ray collide head on with an orbital electron and absorbs the energy of the gamma ray driving the electron free of its orbit

83
Q

What is Compton Effect

A

Collide head on with an electron but is not entirely absorbed the gamma energy and causes the electron to collide with other extrinsic creating a free electron and positively charged atoms

84
Q

Most important characteristic of gamma radiation

A

The ability to ionize other atoms of material through which they pass

85
Q

What is the purpose of dose limits received by a person is:

A

A dose of of ionizing radiation that, in the light of present knowledge, is not expected to cause appreciable bodily injury to a person at any time during their lifetime

86
Q

No Licensee shall authorize a person to operate an exposure device that

A

Does not appear to be functioning normally

Has a radiation intensity of more than 2mSv per hour on any part of its surface

87
Q

What is a nuclear energy worker (NEW)

A

Defined by NSC
A person who is required in the course of the person business or occupation in connection with a nuclear substance or nuclear facility to perform duties in such circumstances that there is a reasonable probability that the person may receive a dose of radiation that is greater than the prescribed limits for the general public

88
Q

What are the Maximum Permissible Dose Limits

A

NEW including pregnant NEW
1 year - 50mSv
5 year - 100mSv

Pregnant NEW Balance of pregnancy - 4mSv

Person who is not NEW one calendar year 1mSv

89
Q

What are the permissible doses in an emergency

A

500mSv to the body
1000mSv to the skin
Does not apply to pregnant worker

90
Q

CNSC state for any other person the weekly dose limit is

A

.1mSv weekly

.5mSv yearly

91
Q

Dose Limits for Organs

A

Lens of Eye
NEW - 1 year 150mSv
Any other person one calendar year - 15mSv

Skin
NEW - one year 500mSv
Any other person one calendar year - 50 mSv

Hand and Feet
NEW one year 500mSv
Any other person one calendar year - 50mSv

92
Q

Three ways to lower your dose when doing radiography

A

Time: don’t stay near source or device longer than necessary

Distance: stay as far away from source and device as you can

Shielding: use shielding between yourself and the source

93
Q

How to Calculate Intensity

A

Use survey meter
Or

Apply output factor to source activity

94
Q

What is the formula for Dose as a function of time

A

Dose= Intensity x Time

Total minutes exposure divided by 60 mins
Total seconds divided by 3600

Then intensity x time

95
Q

What is the the Intensity as a function of distance

A

Inverse Square Law

By applying the law if you know the intensity at a given distance you can determine the intensity at any other distance

96
Q

What is the formula for Intensity as A Function of Distance

A

I1/I2= D2(2)/D1(2)

97
Q

What is Dose as a Function of Shielding

A

Using shielding material to reduce the intensity of radiation

98
Q

Rank the most effective to least effective shielding material

A 
Depleted Uranium
Tungsten
Lead
Steel
Concrete
99
Q

What is a Collimator

A

Small pieces of lead, depleted uranium or tungsten that partially surrounds the source to absorb the radiation not directed towards the area of interest being radiographed

100
Q

What are half value layers and tenth value layers

A

Half Value Layer: thickness of a specific absorbing material required to reduce the intensity by half

Tenth a value Layer: thickness of a specific absorbing material required to reduce the intensity by one tenth its original value

101
Q

What is the formula to find Half Value and Tenth Value later

A

I2=I1/2(n)

Or I2=I1/10(n)

I2 -new Intensity 
I1 - original intensity 
2 Half value layer
10 tenth value layer
n - number of layers
102
Q

What should the shielding factor of an emergency tunnel be

A

Minimum 100

103
Q

Magic Numbers of Radiation Barrier

A

.1mSv/hr
Section 32(1)(j)
Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations

104
Q

Magic Number of Surface of Device

A

2mSv/hr before use or upon new installation of new source

Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations 30(4)(b)

105
Q

Magic Number of Storage Area

A

.025mSv/hr

106
Q

Magic number of Survey Meter

A

Capable of measuring between 20uSv to 100mSv/hr

Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations 31(1)(a)(i)

107
Q

Magic number for Survey meter calibration

A

Once every 12 months

Nuclear Facilities and Prescribed Equipment Regulations s.18(1)(a)

108
Q

Magic number forNEW DRD reading

A

Exceed 2mSv during shift stop work and investigate

Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations

109
Q

Magic Number for Leak Test

A

Once per year or upon new source installation 200Bq or higher withdraw device from use Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations 18(1)(3)

110
Q

Magic Number for Long Handled tongs

A

Minimum 1.5 Metres Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations31(1)(b)(iii)

111
Q

Magic number for emergency tunnel

A

Minimum shielding factor of 100

Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations 31(1)(f)(i)

112
Q

Magic number for Audible Dosimeter

A

Alarms at 5mSv/hr or total dose reached 2mSv calibrated within 13 month period

Nuclear Substance and Radiation Devices Regulations 31(1)(f)(ii)

113
Q

Magic number for Source tag

A

Made of steel or brass and contains name of source, quantity in Bqs , date of measurement

114
Q

Which Act do Federal Regulations fall under

A

Nuclear Safety and Control Act

115
Q

Where Provincial safety regulations are published

A

Ontario Gazette,

Ontario Minister of Labour X-Ray Safety Regulations

116
Q

If ionization occurs in human blood cells and tissue it

A

Poses a serious health risk

117
Q

What should you do in an emergency

A

Stop and think

Verify source location

Plan source retrieval

118
Q

Who is responsible for administering CEDO exams

A

NRCan

119
Q

What does the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. (CNSC) responsible for

A

To ensure the use of nuclear energy poses no risk to the health, safety, environment and national security, as well as control the import export of substances, equipment and technology

120
Q

What changes the amount of radiation reaching the film causing darker area where more radiation penetration

A

Holes, cracks, impurities and other various flaws

121
Q

Electrical Potential Energy forced which act between charged bodies

A

Electrons in outer shells have a higher energy than those closest to the nucleus

122
Q

What is Background Radiation

A

Emitted from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth and from cosmic rays that bombard the earth from outer space

123
Q

What is the Yellow Label III

A

Packages containing radioactive material where the dose rate exceeds 5uSv/hr but does not exceed 2mSv/hr. Index package is 10

124
Q

What Class does radioactive material fall under when Transporting Dangerous Goods

A

Class 7, and 4 placards required on vehicle

125
Q

When does the most serious radiation exposure occurrs

A

Worker fails to follow specific operating procedure,
Worker fails to use radiation detection equipment,
Remains next to or physically handle unshielded source,
Source falls into the hands of unauthorized person

126
Q

What is Scattered Radiation

A

Occurs when beam intercepts an object causing the xrays to be scattered which can result in loss of contrast and definition

127
Q

How can you control Scatter

A

Moving objects out of the way

128
Q

What does ALARA stand for

A

At the Lowest Reasonably Achievable Level

129
Q

What does the radiation effect depend on

A

The amount of energy and the type of radiation a person was exposed to

130
Q

What are the Prompt Effects of Ionizing Radiation

A

0-250mSv no obvious injury

250-500mSv possible temporary blood changes, but no serious injury

500-1000mSv(1Sv) blood cell changes, some injury, no disability

1-2Sv injury, possible disability

2-4Sv injury and disability certain, death possible

5Sv fatal to 50% of people within 30 days

10Sv fatal to all people

131
Q

What is the formula to determine intensity

A

Intensity at _____metre

Source strength x source output factor

132
Q

What are the source output factor for IR192, Co60, and Se75

A

IR192 .15mSv/h @1m

Co60 .36mSv/h @ 1m

Se75 .05mSv/h @1m

(mSv/h per GBq

133
Q

How does the “S” shaped tube prevent gamma radiation from escaping the device

A

Gamma radiation travels in a straight line and the “S” shape tube prevents it from escaping without first passing through the shielding material

134
Q

What is the connection sequence of the device

A
  1. Drive cable to camera
  2. Collimator to source guide tube
  3. Source guide tube to camera
135
Q

What is Attenuation

A

Reduction in the intensity of radiation as it passes through any material for example through lead shielding

136
Q

What is Contamination

A

The spreading of radioactive material which occurs when the source capsule is damaged and released its contents

137
Q

What is the Crank Handle

A

Handle used to crank the source in and out in a cable operated exposure device

138
Q

What is the decay constant

A

Numerical constant that express the rate at which radioactive materials decay

139
Q

What is the Decay Curve

A

Graph showing the decreasing radioactivity of the source as time passes. Can also refer to the line or curve on the graph that indicated the activity

140
Q

What is the Drive Cable (Control Cable)

A

Cable used to push out and retract the source in a cable operated exposure device. Usually operated with a crank or push pull mechanism

141
Q

What is the Lock Box

A

Part of radiographic exposure device that contains the mechanism used to lock the source capsule assembly into its safe shielded position

142
Q

What is the Source Guide Tube

A

A hollow tube which the radiographic source travels when it is moved out of and retracted back into its shielded position in the exposure device

CEDO - From Cinde Manual (5 decks)

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