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Cedo1 > Cedo Module Q > Flashcards

Cedo Module Q Flashcards

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1
Q

Five types of radiation monitoring devices

A 
1- survey meter
2- direct reading dosimeter (drd)
3- thermoluminescent dosimeter (tld)
4- optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (osl)
5- Alarming dosimeter
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2
Q

Survey meter must measure how many sieverts and what are the requirements

A

20 micro siverts/hour to 100 million siverts/hour. It must have a battery check function and be calibrated within the last 12 months.

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3
Q

Advantages and disadvantages Advantages to the direct reading dosimeter

A

Advantages: robust and low maintenance, small and clips clothing (pen shaped), weather proof, easily read by user

Disadvantages: limit rang usually less 5 milli sieverts, no permanent record, it can give false readings if dropped.

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4
Q

When did the use of the thermoluminescent dosimeter begin and when did it start phasing out.

A

It’s been used since 1976 and phased out in 2009

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5
Q

How does the thermoluminescent dosimeter work

A

It uses lithium fluoride chip which is used to store electrons displaced by radiation. The chips are read at the national dosimtry service

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6
Q

How does the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter work. when was it put in use

A

It started in 2009. It contains sensitive elements that absorbed radiation and store some of the energy in the form of excited electrons. When received at the national dosimetry service. Sensitive elements are stimulated using light emitting diodes.

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7
Q

Equation for finding number of neutrons

A

Mass number(A) minus Atomic number(Z)= number of Neutrons(N)

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8
Q

Units for activity are?

A

Curi(Ci) and becquerel(Bq)

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9
Q

Specific activity is measured in?

A

Curi’s (Ci) per gram or Becquerel (Bq) per gram

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10
Q

What does an atom consist of

A

A nucleus consisting of protons(+) and neutrons and orbiting electrons(-1)

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11
Q

What does one curi (Ci) equally in becquerel (Bq)

A

1 (Ci)= 37 giga (Bq)

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12
Q

What is characteristic intensity and what is it measured by

A

It is measured by Reontgens per hour. Old system is measured by milli Rankin per hour@ 1 meter. New SI system milli siverts per hour@ 1 meter.

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13
Q

Equation for intensity

A

Intensity= Source Activity× Characteristic Intensity( see table 1)

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14
Q

What is radiation absorbed dose measured in

A

In the previous system units are measured in RAD (radiation absorbed dose) in the SI system its measured in Gray (Gy)

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15
Q

What is the conversion from RAD to Gray

A

1 Rad= 10 milli Gy

1 Gray= 100 Rads

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16
Q

What is the penetration capability for each form of radio active decay

A

1) Alpha rays- stop at paper
2) Beta ray’s- stop at thin board such as aluminum
3) Gamma and x rays- stop at thick board such as lead
4) Neutron rays- Stop at water concrete

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17
Q

How are industrial isotopes created

A

By placing elements in a nuclear reactor they gain one additional neutron. They become unstable and start the decay process releasing radiation.

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18
Q

What is the units for does equivalent

A

The previous system it was Reontgen equivalent man (REM). In the SI system it is referred to as Sieverts (Sv).

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19
Q

What is the Equation for Dose Equivalent and conversion

A

REM= Rad×QF
Sievert= Gray×QF
1 sievert= 100 REM

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20
Q

What is half life?

A

Half life is the time taken by specific isotope for the activity to decay to one Half its original value.

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21
Q

What’s is the half life for iridium 192, cobalt 60, and selenium 75

A

Iridium 192- 74 days
Cobalt 60- 5.3 years
Selenium 75- 120 days

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22
Q

What is the equation for determining half life and remaining activity

A

A2= A1÷2 to the power of n

A1- original activity
A2- new activity
N- number of half-lives

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23
Q

When must an Alarming dosimeter be used. when should it alarm at and how often should it be calibrated

A

Must be used when using gamma radiation. It must alarm at 5 milli sieverts per hour or when the total dose reaches 2 milli sieverts. It must be calibrated within 12 months.

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24
Q

When do you use the log symbol for calculating half life’s

A

When you have both values of activity before and after the decay and you want to find how many half life’s used. Simply sub a2 for n. Find the answer and log it by 2

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25
Q

What are the clarifications of Biological Effects

A

Acute Effects: Those appearing within minutes, day’s or weeks

Long term (chronic): Those appearing years or generations later

Somatic Effects: refers to radiation injury to the person involved but not the reproductive cells

Genetic Effects: Refers to radiation exposure that results in some chromosome damage, thus effecting future generations

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26
Q

What is the Latent period and Recovery period?

A

Latent period: the period of time following the radiation event until the time at which the effects of the radiation become visible.

Recovery: Recovery can and does take place to a certain extent. Particularly true with Acute Effects. There is always residual damage from which no Recovery takes place.

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27
Q

What are radio responsive tissue that can be effected by radiation

A

Blood forming organs
See organs
Other tissue (liver, lens of the eye)

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28
Q

What are radioresistant tissue’s that can’t be effected by radiation?

A

Connective tissue
Muscle, fat, bones
Nerves, brain

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29
Q

Is there a unit of measure for biological effects

A

No

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30
Q

What will the effects of 200 mill sieverts life time exposure of gamma radiography have on the shortening of life.

A

With a great deal of care little to no effects

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31
Q

What will a whole body effect be of 0-250 millisieverts

A

No obvious injury

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32
Q

What will a whole body effect of 250-500 millisieverts be

A

Possible temporary blood changes, but no serious injury

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33
Q

What will the effects be of a 500-1000 milli sievert ( 1sievert). Whole body does be

A

Blood and cell changes, some injury no disability

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34
Q

What will a whole body dose of 1-2 sievert effects be

A

Injury possible disability

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35
Q

What willa whole body dose of 2-4 sieverts be

A

Injury and disability certain, death possible

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36
Q

What will the effects of a whole body dose of 5 sieverts be

A

Fatal to 50% of people within 30 days

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37
Q

What will the effects of a whole body dose of 10 sieverts be

A

Fatal to all

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38
Q

What does A.L.A.R.A men and how can it be achieved.

A

The meaning of A.L.A.R.A is keeping radiation exposure to as low as reasonably possible. Through controlling time, distance, shielding

39
Q

What is the equation for calculating dose equivalent or dose

A

Dose= Intensity× time (which you have to divide in to 1 hour eg 12 min÷1 hour)

40
Q

When is the inverse square law used

A

If we are interested in a dose at a distance other than 1 meter.

41
Q

What is the inverse square law

A

I1÷ I2= D2(squared)÷ D1(squares)
i1- is the initial intensity
D1- the distance which that is known
I2- the intensity at a different distance
D2- the distance from the source to where we want to know that second intensity

42
Q

What is the equation for half value and tenth value.

A

Hvl: i2= i1÷2 (power of n)
Tvl: i2= i1÷10 (power of n)
i2: the new intensity after the shielding
i1: the initial intensity before the shielding
N: number of half value layers that exists (must divide thickness into tvl or hvl)

43
Q

When do you use log function when dealing with hvl and tvl

A

When both intensity are given and the thickness needs to be found (use processes of substitution swap i2 for 10n and then log the answer with 10 or 2 logged )

44
Q

Where is the collimator located and what is usually composed of.

A

Located at the end of the source guide tube usually made of tungsten, depleted uranium or lead

45
Q

Can the collimator be used for shielding in an emergency source recovery situation.

A

No

46
Q

When the source is in fully shielded position.What should the outside of the exposure device never exceed.

A

2 milli sieverts

47
Q

During exposure what should the survey meter not exceed.

A

.1 milli sievert per hour

48
Q

When is the go no go Guage used

A

When checking the drive cable and pig tail for wear

49
Q

When is the radiation barrier limit established. (Magic number)

A

The barrier limit is established at 0.1 m sv/hour some companies have lowered it to 0.025 milli sieverts/hour.

50
Q

What is the the exposure limit around the storage area of the exposure device. (Magic number)

A

O.25 milli sieverts per hour

51
Q

What should the surface of the device not exceed in. (Magic number)

A

2 millisieverts before use or upon installation of new source.

52
Q

What should the Survey meter be capable of measuring and what must it indicate. (Magic number)

A

Between 20 micro sieverts and 100 milli sieverts.

It must indicate power level of its battery and that it’s sufficient for its operation.

53
Q

When should a survey meter be calibrated. (Magic number)

A

Must be calibrated once every 12 months

54
Q

At what reading should you stop work and investigate. When using the direct reading dosimeter. (Magic number)

A

2 millisieverts during your shift

55
Q

When should you do a leak test and at what reading should it be put out of service. (Magic number)

A

A leak test must be conducted once per year and upon installation of new source. If the results are found to be 200 becqureal or higher. The device must be with drawn.

56
Q

How long do tongs have to be. what is the shielding factor of the emergency tunnel to be used. (Magic numbers)

A

Tongs must be a a minimum of 1.5 meters and emergency tunnels must have a shielding factor of 100.

57
Q

What is the characteristics of particulate radiation

A

It has mass and energy and its subatomic

58
Q

How many hours of on the job training is required before attempting the final practice exam

A

320

59
Q

How does an isotope try to achieve stability

A

Giving off particulate radiation (alpha and beta particles). Give off gamma radiation. Capture electrons

60
Q

What is ionization

A

Process of adding or removing electrons from an atom

61
Q

What was quality factor formerly know as

A

R.B.E relative Biological Effectiveness

62
Q

When using external sealed source guide. What emergency equipment must you have present (Magic number)

A

Emergency tunnel shielding factor of 100, tools that can sever the tube and cable from the exposure device (bolt cutters), tong with a shaft of at least 1.5 m, audible dosimeter, wear on the trunk of the body dosimeter that suitable for recording any dose of radiation the person may encounter (must emit audible alarm)

63
Q

What are the source tag requirements (Magic number)

A

Every licensee who possesses, uses or produces an exposure device shall have. A source tag is made from steel or brass or steel. Affixed securely by means of metal fastener. Durable brass/steel tag that is visible and legibly inscribed with name, quantity in becuerels, date of measurement of that quantity and form of the nuclear substance contained in the exposure device.

64
Q

What is the inventory checklist you must do to prepare for a job.

A

1) survey meter battery level
2) audible alarms (beepers) battery levels
3) calibrated stickers for survey meters
4) calibrated stickers for audible alarms (beepers)
5) calibrated stickers for drd
6) 1.5 meter tongs
7) emergency tunnel
8) bolt cutters
9) go-no-go gauge testers
10) decay chart
11) source ID tag

65
Q

Everyone who operates an exposure device shall have available

A

A radiation survey meter that is capable of measuring a dose rate of gamma radiation between 20 micro sieverts to 100 mili sieverts. Indicate power levels of its battery and that its sufficient for its operation. We also need verify its calibration stickers that its be calibrated in the last 12 months.

66
Q

What is the legislation that regulats the transportation of nuclear substances. What are the packaging labeled as.

A

It is regulated by the packaging and transport of nuclear substances regulations. Packaging is labeled as Type A, Type B, Type C.

67
Q

What are most exposure device’s labeled at as far as transportation. What do they require.

A

Most radiographic exposure devices are designed as type B and require the approval of the Canadian nuclear safety commission.

68
Q

What should the certification received to transport source describe.

A

Device and it’s content limits

69
Q

Can foreign manufacturers devices be used in Canada

A

Yes in the form of a Canadian endorsement to the foreign approval certificate.

70
Q

Shippers responsibility when transporting exposure device.

A

Shipper is responsible for proper packaging and that the source capsule is locked in safe position and the key is removed.

71
Q

What is the difference between type A and Type B logo for transportation

A

Type A devices contain lesser amounts of radioactive material than Type B.

72
Q

When transporting radioactive material the vehicle must have placard withe diamond shaped radioactive sign. True or false

A

True

73
Q

When not transporting radioactive material the placard can stay on. True or false

A

False. Must be removed or covered

74
Q

Preventing and dealing withe emergencies begins

A

The moment you pick up the exposure device. Ending with when it is returned to safe storage.

75
Q

Steps taken during emergency

A

1) stop and think
2) verify the source location
3) establish barriers
4) advise radiation safety officer ( it is his/her responsibility for the rereval plan and the actions to be taken)

76
Q

If there is no sudden increase during retraction you can likely conclude

A

The source is at the end of the guide tube (in the collimator)

77
Q

If there is a sudden increase and the levels do not drop off during retraction you can likely conclude

A

The source is stuck in the guide tube

78
Q

If the levels increase and then drop off to the shielded levels at the exposure device. But not at the guide tube end during retraction. You can likely conclude

A

The source is in the device but not in the fully shielded position.

79
Q

The source retrieval plan and the actions taken are the responsibility of

A

The RSO

80
Q

Minimum mandatory emergency equipment required all times

A

Emergency tunnel, cutters (bolt cutters), long handle tongs minimum of 1.5 meters long

81
Q

What is the certified exposure personnel certification guide and when was it published

A

It is csa PCP-09 and it was published March 2015

82
Q

In a neutral Adam existing by its self the number of electrons are equal to the number of……….

A

Protons

83
Q

How much disintegration per second is one curi

A

1 ci= 3.7×10 (to the 10 power)

84
Q

Three types of survey meters

A

Ion chamber (most common)
Geiger muller counter
Proportional counter

85
Q

Factors that influence extent of Biological damage

A 
1- total amount of radiation absorbed 
2- type of radiation 
3- rate of absorption 
4- area exposed 
5- individual variability
6- relative sensitivity of cells and tissue
86
Q

Two types of radiation and their characteristics

A

Particulate: it has mass and energy and it is subatomic

Electromagnetic: no rest mass. It’s pure energy and travels at the speed of light. Two examples are x-ray and gamma ray’s.

87
Q

What are the types of ionizing radiation

A

Ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma ray’s

88
Q

No ionizing radiation includes

A

Radio waves
Micro waves
Infared Radiation

89
Q

How does and unstable isotope achieve a suitable balance

A

Give off particulate radiation
Give off gamma radiation
Capture electrons

90
Q

3 types of particulate radiation

A

Alpha particle
Beta particle
Neutron rays

91
Q

What is the characteristics intensity’s for selenium 75, iridium 192, cobalt 60

A

Selenium 75- 200 mR/hr@1 m, 0.05 msv/hr@1m

Iridium 192- 550 mR/hr@1m, 0.15 mSv/hr@1m

Cobalt 60- 1350 mR/hr@1m, 0.36 mSv/hr@1m

92
Q

What is QF for x-ray, gamma rays, electrons, beta particles, neutrons energy less and greater than 10 kev, protons, alpha particles, fission fragments, recoil nuclei

A

X-Ray, gamma rays– 1
Electrons, beta particles

Neutrons (energy less than 10 KeV)- 3

Neutrons (energy greater than 10 KeV)- 10

Protons- 5

Alpha particles- 20

Fission fragments, recoil nuclei- 20

93
Q

What is the half value layer for uranium, tungsten, lead, steel, concrete when using iridium 192 and cobalt 60

A

Uranium/iridium: Hvl 2.8 mm, Tvl 9.3 mm
Uranium/cobalt: Hvl 6.9 mm, Tvl 22.9

Tungsten/iridium: Hvl 3.3 mm, Tvl 10.9 mm
Tungsten/cobalt: Hvl 7.9 mm, Tvl 26.2 mm

Lead/iridium: Hvl 4.8 mm, Tvl 16.2 mm
Lead/cobalt: Hvl 12.4 mm, Tvl 41.1 mm

Steel/iridium: Hvl 8.7 mm, Tvl 29.0 mm
Steel/cobalt: Hvl 22.0 mm, Tvl 73.6 mm

Concrete/iridium: Hvl 48.2 mm, Tvl 157.4 mm
Concrete/cobalt: Hvl 68.5 mm, Tvl 228.6 mm

94
Q

What are property’s of gamma radiation

A

Travels in straight lines
Not affected by electric or magnetic fields
Cannot be focused
Affects photographic emulsion
Can damage or kill living cells
Cannot be detected by normal human senses

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