CELL Flashcards
All cells are surrounded by a structure called
cell membrane
Cell membranes are based on a framework of fat-based molecules
phospholipids
Within this membrane, a cell’s interior environment is water based.
cytoplasm
a DNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat
an infectious particle that reproduces by “commandeering” a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses.
virus
A virus is made up of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell called
capsid
self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help in organizing cell division, but aren’t essential to the process.
centrioles
are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms. In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.
cilia and flagella
a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
endoplasmic reticulum
membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis
endosomes
It involves the invagination (folding inward) of a cell’s plasma membrane to surround macromolecules or other matter diffusing through the extracellular fluid.
endocytosis
is the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.
golgi apparatus
a very broad class of fibrous proteins that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the cytoskeleton. Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers, they function as tension-bearing elements to help maintain cell shape and rigidity.
intermediate filaments
break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.
lysosome
solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton.
microfilaments
These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support.
microtubules
are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.
mitochondria
a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell’s hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
nucleus
tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein.
ribosome
are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane
microbodies
was formally developed in 1839 by M. J. Schleiden and T. Schwann. The theory was based not only on Schleiden’s and Schwann’s own microscopic observations, but also the observations and ideas expressed by others going as far back as the mid- to late-1600s, when scientists including Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek began using microscopes to examine living things.
cell theory
Rudolf Virchow famously stated _______________ “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells. “
Omnis cellula e cellula
most common microbodies
peroxisomes
In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of ___ strands of RNA. In prokaryotes, they consist of _____ strands of RNA.
4, 3
a rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane
cell wall
