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A Bio Cell 1 > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Building blocks of life, fundamental unit of life, structural or functional basis of life

The term ‘cell’ comes from the Latin word ‘cellula’, meaning ‘small rooms’.

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2
Q

What is the study of cells called?

A

Cytology

‘Cyto’ means cell and ‘logy’ means study.

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3
Q

Who was the first to discover cells?

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

Hooke observed cells in cork.

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4
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe cells in?

A

Cork

Cork is obtained from the bark of trees.

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5
Q

What shape do cork cells resemble?

A

Honeycomb shape

Cork cells have compartments that give them this appearance.

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6
Q

What is the hierarchy of biological organization starting from cells?

A

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems

This hierarchy illustrates the complexity of biological structures.

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7
Q

Who is considered the father of cytology?

A

Parmar

Parmar is recognized for his contributions to the field of cytology.

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8
Q

Who is known as the Father of modern microscopy?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

He discovered free living cells in water in 1674.

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9
Q

What significant discovery did Robert Brown make in 1831?

A

The nucleus

Brown’s work contributed to the understanding of cell structure.

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10
Q

What does the Cell Theory state?

A

All plants and animals are composed of cells

The theory was formulated by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 and later expanded by Rudolf Virchow.

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11
Q

What is the basic unit of life according to the Cell Theory?

A

Cell

This concept emphasizes that cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.

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12
Q

What is the outermost covering of a cell called?

A

Cell membrane

It protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.

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13
Q

What is the phrase associated with Rudolf Virchow’s contribution to Cell Theory?

A

Omnis cellula e cellula

This Latin phrase translates to ‘all cells come from cells’ and was published in 1855.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell membrane?

A
  • Thin
  • Elastic
  • Flexible
  • Living

These characteristics allow the cell membrane to perform vital functions such as protecting the cell and enabling material exchange.

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15
Q

What is the largest cell in the human female body?

A

Ovum

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body.

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16
Q

What is the smallest cell in the human male body?

A

Sperm

Sperm cells are the smallest cells in the male body.

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17
Q

What is the largest cell found in nature?

A

Ostrich’s egg

The ostrich’s egg is recognized as the largest single cell.

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18
Q

What is the smallest known cell?

A

Mycoplasma (bacteria)

Mycoplasma are among the smallest cellular organisms.

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19
Q

What does it mean for a cell membrane to be selectively permeable?

A

It only allows some materials to pass through

This selective permeability is crucial for maintaining homeostasis within the cell.

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20
Q

What are the two main components of the cell membrane?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids

These components contribute to the structure and function of the cell membrane.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The cell membrane allows the cell to _______ food and other materials from the external environment.

A

engulf

This ability is essential for nutrient uptake.

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22
Q

What is the longest cell in the human body?

A

Neuron

Neurons can extend over long distances in the body.

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spontaneous movement of molecules from high to lower concentration

Example: The smell of agarbatti diffusing in the air.

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24
Q

What is the rate of diffusion in different states of matter?

A

Gases > liquids > solids

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25
What happens to carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration inside a cell?
Conc. of CO2 > Conc. of CO2 outside the cell
26
What is a solution composed of?
Solute + Solvent
27
What is osmosis?
Movement from high to low concentration (of water) through a semipermeable membrane
28
What type of environment is described as hypertonic?
Solute > Solvent
29
What type of environment is described as hypotonic?
Solute < Solvent
30
What is the process of water absorption through osmosis?
Cell absorbs water, requires no energy, lasts up to equilibrium state
31
What is isotonic?
Solute = Solvent
32
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration, requires cellular energy
33
Fill in the blank: Osmosis is the movement of water from _______ concentration to high concentration.
[low]
34
True or False: Osmosis requires energy.
False
35
What is the effect of cellular activities on CO2 production?
CO2 production takes place due to cellular activities
36
What is the direction of salt movement during diffusion?
From high concentration to low concentration
37
What happens to animal cells in a hypertonic solution?
They become shrunken ## Footnote This process is known as plasmolysis.
38
What is turgor pressure?
It causes enlargement and extension growth of cells.
39
What occurs to cells in an isotonic solution?
No change in cell.
40
What is the effect on animal cells in a hypotonic solution?
They become swollen.
41
What is the composition of the cell wall in plants?
Made up of cellulose.
42
What is the primary function of the cell wall?
Provides strength and turgidity to cells.
43
What is the role of the vacuole in plant cells?
Helps maintain turgor pressure.
44
What are the components of the bacterial cell wall?
Made of peptidoglycan.
45
What material makes up the fungal cell wall?
Chitin.
46
What is the composition of the cell wall in algae?
Cellulose and pectin.
47
Fill in the blank: A surface layer that covers the cell membrane in bacteria is called _______.
Glycocalyx.
48
What characteristic of the cell wall makes it non-living?
It is freely permeable.
49
Which type of solution causes cells to swell?
Hypotonic solution.
50
Which structures are only present in plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae?
Cell walls.
51
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
Controls the activities of different cell organelles ## Footnote Known as the 'Brain of the Cell'
52
Who discovered the nucleus?
Robert Brown
53
What is the nuclear envelope?
Composed of membranes that cover the nucleus ## Footnote Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and permits materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
54
What is the nuclear lamina?
A structural component of the nucleus
55
What is the nucleolus?
One or more in numbers, forms protein-forming centers: Ribosomes ## Footnote Does not have membranes
56
What is chromatin?
Entangled mass of thread-like structures that organize into chromosomes during cell division
57
What is nucleoplasm?
Liquid ground substance of the nuclear envelope
58
What is the largest cell structure involved in formation?
Nucleus
59
What are ribosomes composed of?
Proteins
60
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Form protein-forming centers
61
Fill in the blank: The _______ separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
nuclear envelope
62
What are chromosomes?
Thread-like structures visible during cell division ## Footnote Chromosomes consist of DNA and proteins (histones)
63
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs ## Footnote This includes 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
64
What is the total number of chromosomes in a human cell?
46
65
What are the sex chromosome combinations for males and females?
XY: Male, XX: Female
66
Who discovered chromosomes?
Walther Flemming
67
What do chromosomes consist of?
Genes, which are functional segments of DNA ## Footnote Genes transfer genetic information from one generation to another
68
What is cytoplasm?
The parts between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, containing cell organelles
69
What are cytoplasm inclusions?
Non-living components (pigments, nutrients, etc.) in cytoplasm
70
What is cytosol?
Aqueous ground substance of cytoplasm
71
Who discovered DNA?
Frederick Miescher
72
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-helical structure ## Footnote This structure was described by Watson and Crick in 1953
73
What are the components of chromosomes?
DNA and proteins (histones)
74
Fill in the blank: The total number of chromosomes in humans is _______.
46
75
True or False: Chromosomes are only visible during cell division.
True

A Bio Cell 1 (1 decks)

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