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A Bio Cell 2 > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

What are Gell organelles?

A

Membrane bound organelles present to support complex activity of the cell

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2
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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3
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell; makes energy

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondria?

A
  • Two membranes: Outer (porous), Inner (ATP synthesis)
  • Has its own DNA and ribosomes
  • Shape: Sausage shape
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5
Q

What are lysosomes often referred to as?

A

‘Suicidal bag of the cell’

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6
Q

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

A

Waste disposal system of the cell

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7
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive enzymes (made of RER)

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8
Q

What happens when a cell gets damaged regarding lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes may burst and enzymes digest their own cell

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9
Q

What process do lysosomes perform on very long chain fatty acids?

A

Beta oxidation

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10
Q

What do peroxisomes neutralize?

A

Harmful toxins

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11
Q

What are the dimensions of peroxisomes?

A

Length: 1-2 um, Diameter: 0.1-0.6 um

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12
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in cellular processes?

A

Involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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13
Q

What are Golgi bodies in plants responsible for?

A
  • Storing cell sap
  • Providing turgidity and rigidity
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14
Q

Who discovered Golgi bodies?

A

Camillo Golgi

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15
Q

What are the main components of Golgi bodies?

A
  • Vesicles
  • Cisternae
  • Vacuoles
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16
Q

What are the two faces of Golgi bodies called?

A
  • Gis face (towards nucleus, convex)
  • Trans face (towards plasma membrane, concave and maturing)
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17
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Packaging and dispatching
  • Stores, modification of packages
  • Forms lysosomes
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18
Q

What does cell sap consist of?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Sugars
  • Organic acids
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19
Q

What are vacuoles in animals like?

A

Small, temporary, membrane bound

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20
Q

What do vacuoles store?

A

Glucose, glycogen, protein

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21
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of sac-like structures

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22
Q

What is the role of Rough ER?

A

Makes proteins; ribosomes present

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23
Q

What is the role of Smooth ER?

A

Synthesis of fats and lipids; ribosomes absent

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24
Q

What are the components of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Long tubules
  • Vesicles
  • Cisternae
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25
What does the endoplasmic reticulum transport?
Between cytoplasm and nucleus
26
What is one of the detoxifying roles of the Smooth ER?
Detoxifies poisons and drugs (in liver)
27
What is Gell Division?
Division of cells into new cells
28
What is the main reason for cell division?
Growth of organism, replace old, dead and injured cells
29
What are plastids?
Organelles only found in plant cells, not in animal cells
30
What types of pigments do chloroplasts contain?
Chlorophyll, yellow, and orange pigments
31
What is the function of starch granules?
Storing carbohydrates
32
What are the three types of plastids?
* Chloroplasts * Chromoplasts * Leucoplasts
33
What color do chromoplasts impart?
Different types of colors due to various pigments
34
What is the primary pigment in chloroplasts?
Green pigment (chlorophyll)
35
What is the function of leucoplasts?
Stores starch, oil, and protein granules
36
What is the function of amyloplasts?
Storage of carbohydrates
37
What is the function of aleuroplasts?
Storage of proteins
38
What is the function of elaioplasts?
Storage of fats
39
What is a granum?
Stack of thylakoids
40
What is contained in the thylakoid space (lumen)?
Mg for food synthesis
41
True or False: Chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.
True
42
Fill in the blank: The outer membrane of a plastid is followed by the _______.
Inner membrane
43
What is the process of gamete formation called?
Meiosis
44
What is the red color in tomatoes due to?
Lycopene
45
What is the green color in chili due to?
Capsanthin
46
What is the role of pigments in flowers and fruits?
Imparts color
47
What is the process that occurs in somatic cells?
Mitosis ## Footnote Mitosis is responsible for cell division in non-reproductive cells.
48
How many times does the nucleus divide during mitosis?
Once
49
What is the ploidy level of daughter cells produced by mitosis?
Diploid - 2
50
Does crossing over take place during mitosis?
No
51
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
Increase number of normal cells
52
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?
2
53
What can result from malfunction in mitosis?
Cancer
54
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
Germ cells
55
How many times does the nucleus divide during meiosis?
Twice
56
What is the ploidy level of daughter cells produced by meiosis?
Haploid - 4
57
Does crossing over take place during meiosis?
Yes
58
What types of cells are produced by meiosis?
Egg and sperm cells
59
What is a significant outcome of meiosis?
Genetic variations
60
How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis?
4
61
What can result from malfunction in meiosis?
Genetic disorder
62
Name one genetic disorder that can result from meiosis malfunction.
Down's syndrome
63
Name another genetic disorder associated with meiosis malfunction.
Klinefelter's syndrome
64
Name one more genetic disorder linked to meiosis malfunction.
Turner's syndrome
65
What is the largest cell in humans?
Ovum
66
What is the smallest cell in humans?
Sperm cell
67
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A type of cell that is generally 1-10 µm in size, lacks a nucleus, and has no organelles. ## Footnote Examples include bacteria and cyanobacteria.
68
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A type of cell that is typically 5-10 µm in size, contains a nucleus, and has organelles. ## Footnote Common examples include plant and animal cells.
69
What are the main structural components of a prokaryotic cell?
Includes a hook, filament, and basal body. ## Footnote These components help in movement.
70
What is the genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
Single chromosome located in an undefined nuclear region called the nucleoid.
71
What is the genetic material in eukaryotic cells?
More than one chromosome present within a defined nucleus.
72
Do prokaryotic cells contain a nucleolus?
No, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleolus.
73
Do eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes?
Yes, ribosomes are common in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
74
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells lack _______.
Cell organelles.
75
True or False: Eukaryotic cells have a defined nuclear region.
True.
76
What is the size range for prokaryotic cells?
1-10 µm.
77
What is the size range for eukaryotic cells?
5-10 µm.
78
What is the S phase in the cell cycle?
The S phase is when DNA replication occurs, ensuring each new cell has an identical copy of DNA ## Footnote The S phase stands for Synthesis phase.
79
What are the four base pairs found in DNA?
* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine * Thymine ## Footnote These base pairs are essential for the structure of DNA.
80
What is cytokinesis?
The process of cell division that occurs after mitosis ## Footnote Cytokinesis results in the formation of two daughter cells.
81
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
Helicase is the unwinding enzyme that separates the DNA strands ## Footnote This is crucial for allowing the replication process to occur.
82
What does the centrosome consist of?
The centrosome is made of two centrioles organized in a 9 + 0 or 9 + 2 formation ## Footnote It acts as a microtubule organizing center.
83
Fill in the blank: The process by which a cell copies its DNA before dividing is called _______.
DNA replication ## Footnote This ensures that each new cell has an identical copy of the original DNA.
84
What enzyme prevents DNA from getting tangled during replication?
Topoisomerase ## Footnote Topoisomerase avoids supercoiling of DNA.
85
What is the function of DNA ligase?
DNA ligase facilitates the joining of DNA strands together ## Footnote It acts as a 'gluer' for DNA strands.
86
What is DNA polymerase's role in cell division?
DNA polymerase doubles the amount of DNA in a cell ## Footnote It acts as a builder during DNA replication.
87
Name the components of the cytoskeleton.
* Microfilaments * Intermediate filaments * Microtubules ## Footnote The cytoskeleton provides structural support and aids in cell movement.
88
What are the base pairs found in RNA?
* Adenine * Uracil * Cytosine ## Footnote RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA.
89
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
Reverse transcriptase creates complementary strands of DNA based on RNA ## Footnote This process is essential in certain viral replication cycles.
90
What occurs during telophase in mitosis?
Telophase is the stage where the chromosomes de-condense and nuclear envelopes re-form ## Footnote It is the final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis.
91
True or False: The cell cycle consists of only mitosis and cytokinesis.
False ## Footnote The cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase.
92
What is the purpose of the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
The G2 phase is preparation for mitosis ## Footnote This phase involves checking for DNA damage and ensuring the cell is ready to divide.
93
What is semi-conservative DNA replication?
The process of duplicating DNA to create two new double-stranded DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand.
94
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
Microtubules help in: * Cell structure * Cell division * Intracellular transport
95
In the semi-conservative replication model, what is produced in the second generation?
Newly synthesized DNA strands.
96
What is found in the first generation of the semi-conservative replication model?
Original DNA strands.
97
What are centrioles associated with?
Cell division.
98
What protein forms microtubules?
Tubulin.
99
Fill in the blank: Microtubules are composed of _______.
Tubulin.
100
True or False: During semi-conservative replication, both strands of the original DNA are conserved.
False.
101
What is the significance of the term 'semi-conservative' in DNA replication?
It indicates that each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
102
What is semi-conservative DNA replication?
The process of duplicating DNA to create two new double-stranded DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new strand.
103
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
Microtubules help in: * Cell structure * Cell division * Intracellular transport
104
In the semi-conservative replication model, what is produced in the second generation?
Newly synthesized DNA strands.
105
What is found in the first generation of the semi-conservative replication model?
Original DNA strands.
106
What are centrioles associated with?
Cell division.
107
What protein forms microtubules?
Tubulin.
108
Fill in the blank: Microtubules are composed of _______.
Tubulin.
109
True or False: During semi-conservative replication, both strands of the original DNA are conserved.
False.
110
What is the significance of the term 'semi-conservative' in DNA replication?
It indicates that each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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